# SAWAI SINGH v. STATE OF RA.JAS111AN - **Citation:** [1986] 2 S.C.R. 957 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1986-05-02 - **Case number:** Special Appeal No. 74 of 1972 - **Bench:** E.S. Venkataramiah, Sabyasachi Mukharji - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/sawai-singh-v-state-of-ra-jas111an-9344 - **Pages:** 10 ## Headnote !. Termination of services - Nature of charge vague and ~ifficult for any accused to meet the charge and also unsupported by evidence, absence of opportunity for crossexamination non-examination of handwriting expert etc. - Order of termination of service is bad in law. 2. Burden of proof a serious offence - Evidence of \ll._andwriting expert necessary but dead - The prosecution should ,-,n another handwriting expert to corroborate the charge - Penal Code S.463 read with Section 45 Evidence Act. 3. Natural justice principle of - Applicability to Service cases, explained. The appellant who was working as Superintendent, Sheep """and Wool, Nagaur was appointed as a Returning Officer to conduct Panchayat elections at Sardi in Panchayat Samiti Ladnun held in the month of December, 1960. On the 2nd of July 1965, the Government of Rajasthan informed the appellant that an inquiry was proposed to be held against him for showing undue favour to one of the contesting candidate's by wrongly ..1trejecting another candidate's nomination paper after collllitting forgery by effecting erasion of the the word "Panch" on the nomination paper. The Additional Colllllissioner "~for departmental inquiry held the enquiry and on the basis of his report dated 27th March, 1967, the Government issued a show cause notice on 3rd October 1968 and after receipt of the reply cancelled it and issued a fresh show cause notice to which the appellant again gave an elaborate reply. However by an order dated 5.4.1971 the Government directed the removal of the appellant from service. The Writ Petition filed by the iappellant challenging the orders of termination was dismissed su1111arily. The writ appeal also met the same fate. Hence the appeal by special leave. Allowing the appeal, the Court, A B c D E F G H A 958 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19861 2 s.c.R. HELD: 1.1. If the charges are vague and it is very difficult for any accused to meet the charges fairly and the~ evidence adduced perfunctory and did not at all bring home the guilt of the accused is entitled to be exonerated of the offence charged with. Non-allegation by the delinquent either before the enquiry officer or before the High Court that the B charges were vague does not by itself exonerate the department to bring home the charges. Though a departmental enquiry is not like a criminal trial, the charges involving consequences~ of termination of service llllSt be specific. 965 C-F] Suresh Oiandra Otaltrabarty v. State of West Bengal, - c (1971] 3 S.C.R. I; and State of Andhra Pradesh v. s. Sree Ram D E F G H Rao, (1964] 3 S.C.R. 25 referred to. .../ 1. 2 Having regard to the consequences of the offences ' with which the deliquent officer was charged and having regar~ to the nature of charge and the evidence of hand-writing expert and the absence of opportunity for cross-emamination and the conflicting nature of evidence of Chaturbhuj and nature of evidence given by Ji wan Dass, in the instant case, the report of the Inquiry Officer and the consequent termination order passed by the Government cannot be sustained. (966 D-E] 2. In a case where an offence under section 463 Indian Penal Code is involved and the allegation is sought to be proved by the evidence of handwriting expert and the handwriting expert was not available for cross-examination on the ground that at that time he was dead, then it was ~ necessary on the part of the department to adduce evidence to - call another handwriting expert to corroborate their charge. In the absence of such discharge of the burden of proof, the l_ _ Court may draw an adverse inference supported by otfter i~ evidence against the prosecution. (964 B-<:] 3.1 There is no such rule that sn offence is not established unless it is proved beyond doubt. But in a departmental enquiry entailing consequences like loss of job which now-a-days means loss of livelihood, there llllSt be fair play in action, in respect of an order involving adverse or \.- penal consequences against a ## Text - 957 SAWAI SINGH v. STATE OF RA.JAS111AN MAY 2, 1986 [E.S. VENKATARAMIAH AND SABYASACHI MUKHARJI, JJ.] !. Termination of services - Nature of charge vague and ~ifficult for any accused to meet the charge and also unsupported by evidence, absence of opportunity for crossexamination non-examination of handwriting expert etc. - Order of termination of service is bad in law. 2. Burden of proof a serious offence - Evidence of \ll._andwriting expert necessary but dead - The prosecution should ,-,n another handwriting expert to corroborate the charge - Penal Code S.463 read with Section 45 Evidence Act. 3. Natural justice principle of - Applicability to Service cases, explained. The appellant who was working as Superintendent, Sheep """and Wool, Nagaur was appointed as a Returning Officer to conduct Panchayat elections at Sardi in Panchayat Samiti Ladnun held in the month of December, 1960. On the 2nd of July 1965, the Government of Rajasthan informed the appellant that an inquiry was proposed to be held against him for showing undue favour to one of the contesting candidate's by wrongly ..1trejecting another candidate's nomination paper after collllitting forgery by effecting erasion of the the word "Panch" on the nomination paper. The Additional Colllllissioner "~for departmental inquiry held the enquiry and on the basis of his report dated 27th March, 1967, the Government issued a show cause notice on 3rd October 1968 and after receipt of the reply cancelled it and issued a fresh show cause notice to which the appellant again gave an elaborate reply. However by an order dated 5.4.1971 the Government directed the removal of the appellant from service. The Writ Petition filed by the iappellant challenging the orders of termination was dismissed su1111arily. The writ appeal also met the same fate. Hence the appeal by special leave. Allowing the appeal, the Court, A B c D E F G H A 958 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19861 2 s.c.R. HELD: 1.1. If the charges are vague and it is very difficult for any accused to meet the charges fairly and the~ evidence adduced perfunctory and did not at all bring home the guilt of the accused is entitled to be exonerated of the offence charged with. Non-allegation by the delinquent either before the enquiry officer or before the High Court that the B charges were vague does not by itself exonerate the department to bring home the charges. Though a departmental enquiry is not like a criminal trial, the charges involving consequences~ of termination of service llllSt be specific. 965 C-F] Suresh Oiandra Otaltrabarty v. State of West Bengal, - c (1971] 3 S.C.R. I; and State of Andhra Pradesh v. s. Sree Ram D E F G H Rao, (1964] 3 S.C.R. 25 referred to. .../ 1. 2 Having regard to the consequences of the offences ' with which the deliquent officer was charged and having regar~ to the nature of charge and the evidence of hand-writing expert and the absence of opportunity for cross-emamination and the conflicting nature of evidence of Chaturbhuj and nature of evidence given by Ji wan Dass, in the instant case, the report of the Inquiry Officer and the consequent termination order passed by the Government cannot be sustained. (966 D-E] 2. In a case where an offence under section 463 Indian Penal Code is involved and the allegation is sought to be proved by the evidence of handwriting expert and the handwriting expert was not available for cross-examination on the ground that at that time he was dead, then it was ~ necessary on the part of the department to adduce evidence to - call another handwriting expert to corroborate their charge. In the absence of such discharge of the burden of proof, the l_ _ Court may draw an adverse inference supported by otfter i~ evidence against the prosecution. (964 B-<:] 3.1 There is no such rule that sn offence is not established unless it is proved beyond doubt. But in a departmental enquiry entailing consequences like loss of job which now-a-days means loss of livelihood, there llllSt be fair play in action, in respect of an order involving adverse or \.- penal consequences against an employee and there llllSt be investigations to the charges consistent with the requirement - ' SAWAI SINGH v. STATE [SABYASACHI MUKHARJI, J.] 959 pf the situation in accordance with the principles of natural ·~ustice in so far as these are applicable in a particular situation. [ 965 F-G] 3.2 The application of those principles of natural justice IDJst always be in conformity with the scheme of the Act and the subject matter of the case. It is not possible to lay down any rigid rules as to which principle of natural ~ustice is to be applied. There is no such thing as technical natural justice. The requirements of natural justice depend upon the facts and circumstances of the case, the nature of the enquiry the rules under which the Tribunal is acting, the subject matter to be dealt with and so on. Concept of fair ·J!lay in action which is the basis of natural justice IDJSt !depend upon the particular lis between the parties. Rules and ··fractices are constantly developing to ensure fairness in the iDaking of decisions which affect people in their daily lives and livelihood. Without such fairness democratic governments cannot exist. Beyond all rules and procedures that is the sine qua~ [965 H; 966 A-DJ K. L. Tripathi v. State Banlt of India & Ors., [ 1984 J 1 S.C.C. 43 referred to. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION of 1972. Civil Appeal No. 2179 (N) From the Judgment and Order 7. 4.1972 of the Rajasthan High Court in Special Appeal No. 74 of 1972 • ..... Tapas Roy, S.K. Jain for the Appellant. -i · Badri Das Sharma, Surya Kant Sharma and Miss Maya Rao for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SABYASACllI MIJKHAR.JI, J. This is an appeal by special leave granted by this court against the order dated 7th April, .1972 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, at 1odhpur, in Special Appeal No. 74 of 1972. The High Court of Rajasthan Jodhpur in the said appeal refused to interfere with A B c D E F G the order of the· learned s inglc Judge of that High Court. The H 960 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19861 2 s.c.R. A learned single judge had dismissed the writ petition of the appellant challenging the order of termination of hi;r. services. B c D E F G H The appellant was an employee of the Rajasthan Government and was appointed as returning officer to conduct Panchayat elections at Sardi in Panchayat Samiti Ladnun in the district of Nagpur held in the month of December, 1960. At that time, the appellant was working as Superintendent, Sheep & Wool, Nagpur. The election was to take place on 26tt December, 1960 and the date for submission of nomination forms was 25th December, 1960. Four persons, namely, Shri Chaturbhuj, Shri Purna Ram, Shri Jiwan Ram and Shri Jiwan Dass filed their nomination forms. The nomination paper filed bu' Shri Chaturbhuj was alleged to have been found incomplete and1 it was, therefore, rejected. The nomination paper was said tO' be defective for the following reasons - 1 ( i) In the opening line the Ward Number was not filled in and the space provided therefore was left blank ; (ii) In the second line out of the words Panch Sarpanch one of the two was not struck out; so that there was no indication whether the nomination w~ for the office of Panch or that of Sarpanch. (iii) In the third line of the blank space again ..,.._ intended to specify the office, the said Chaturbhuj had filled in his own name thus insteaf of stating that he was proposing himself as 1 candidate for the office of Panch or Sarpanch, it was found that he was proposing himself a~. __ Chaturbhuj. r (iv) At the end of sub-paragraph (1) containing a declaration by the candidate as to his qualifications the said Chaturbhuj did not strike off one of the two words Panch/Sarpanch. In view of the above, the nomination paper was rejectedt Shri Jiwan Dass and Shri Jiwan Ram withdrew their candidature and Shri Puma Ram was left alone in the field and was, therefore, elected to the off ice of Sarpanch. SAWAI SINGI v. STATE [SABYASACHI MUKHARJI, J,] 961 On the 2nd July, 1965, the government of Rajasthan ""' informed the appellant that an enquiry was proposed to be held against him on charge which was as follows : "That the said Shri Sawai Singh, while functioning A as District Sheep & Wool Officer, Nagaur, during B the year 1960 was appointed as Returning Officer to conduct Panchayat Election at Sardi in Panchayat Samiti Ladnun in the month of December, 1960. That the said Shri Sawai Singh showed undue favour to one of the contesting candidates Shri Purna Ram. He manipulated the withdrawal of Shri Jeewan Dass a dulllllY candidate of Shri Chaturbhuj who was c ) contesting candidate against Shri Puma Ram. The said Shri Sawai Singh committed forgery by effecting erasion in the word "panch" on the nomination paper of Shri Chaturbhu.J and malafidely and improperly rejected his nomination form." The statement of allegations was also sent alongwtth the forwarding letter and it was mentioned in the said statement as follows "4. Shri Sawai Singh manipulated the withdrawal of D Shri Jeevan Dass a dulllll}' candidate of Chaturbhuj by E cheating. 5. He further conunitted forgery by effecting erasion in the word 'panch' on the nomination paper of Shri Chatur Bhuj ·and malafidely and improperly rejected the nomination form of Chaturbhuj and thereby acted in furtherance of the prospects of the election of Shri Puma Ram as Sarpanch Sardi." A reply to the said charge-sheet was submi.tted by the appellant. He denied the charge levelled against him. By an order dated 4th November, 1965,' the Government appointed the Additional Commissioner for departmental enquiry, Rajas than, Jaipur as an Enquiry Officer to hold the enquiry against the appellant. The enquiry Officer submitted his report on 27th -1, March, 1967. Perusal of the enquiry report makes perfunctory reading - comparing the evidence of Chaturbhuj and the appellant it is difficult to accept on what basis the enquiry F G H A B c D E F G 962 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1986] 2 S.C.R. officer accepted the Chaturblmj's version. The Enquiry Officer did not discuss the inherent improbabilities of the statements )-.. of Chaturbhuj which will be noted later. On 3rd October, 1968, the government issued a show-cause notice to the appellant which was as follows : "According to the report of the Enquiry Officer the charge has been proved to this extent that Shri).. Sawai Singh with dishonest intention to declare candidate Poornaram uncontested successful Sarpanch made changes in the nomination form of Shri Chaturbhuj which was complete at the time when was presented and thus made it incomplete and --( thereafter illegally rejected it. The State . ' Government has provisionally accepted the decision. 1 ' The State Government has provisionally taken. 1 further decision that Shri Sawai Singh be removed from State Service for the said mistake. Hence Shri Sawai Singh is hereby given an opportunity that if he wants to file a representation against the provisional decision he may present it within 15 days from the date of receipt of this letter to the undersigned." It may be mentioned that what was the dishonest motive - except the inference from the rejection of the nomination paper on alleged improper grounds nothing was indicated in the report of the Enquiry Officer. 'f This notice, however, was later on cancelled and a fresh show-cause notice was issued. The appellant gave an elaborate reply to the said notice. To complete the narration of events,-f-- the government by an order dated 5th April, 1971 accepted the· findings of the Enquiry Officer and directed his removal from service. The appellant filed a writ petition before the High Court. The writ petition was heard by P.N. Singhal, J, as the learned judge then was of the High Court and he by his order dated 31st August, 1971 dismissed the same summarily. The appellant filed a special Appeal before the Division~ Bench. The said appeal was also summarily dismissed on 7th H April, 1972. Thereafter on refusal of the High Court to grant SAWAI SINGH v. STATE [SABYASACHI MUKHARJI, J.] 963 a certificate, by special leave, this appeal has come up --1 before us nearly 15 years after the termination of employment. Shri Tapash Chandra Roy, learned advocate for the appellant, urged before us three main submissions, namely, (i) the charges were not clear ; (ii) there was no evidence to support the charges and on the contrary (iii) the evidence on record was contrary to the charges made. The charges framed ~ have been noted namely, ( i) the appellant showed undue favour to one of the candidates Shri Puma Ram. (i.i) He manipulated the withdrawal of Jiwan Dass, the dummy candidate of Shri Chaturbhuj who was the contesting candidate against Shri Purna Ram and. (iii) Shri Sawai Singh committed forgery by effecting erasion of the word 'panch' on the nomination paper of Shri Chaturbhuj and malafidely rejected his nomination paper. The second charge i.e. the withdrawal of Jiwan Dass can only be understood in the light of the statement of Shri Jiwan Dass. Shri Jiwan Dass stated thus in his evidence which was on the record of the enquiry : "I withdrew my nomination paper at 3 P.M. I only heard in the evening that the nomination paper of Chaturbhuj had been rejecten. l do not know whether symbol was issued to Chaturrbhuj or not. My statement was recorded by Collector Ex. P.11 and also by C.l. which is Ex. P.12. I had withdrawn my nomination paper voluntarily. No one told me that nomination paper of Chaturbhuj had been accepted, and on that basis, I should withdraw I had stated in portion A to B of the statement marked Ex. P.12 that l was told regarding the acceptance of the nomination form of Chaturbhuj. For that reason I had withdrawn my nomination form. I was not present when Chaturbhuj had asked the reason for rejection of his nomination paper. l do not remember whether l had given the statement marked C to Din Ex. P.12 P.A. to (sic). The statement of Ex. P.11 was taken by the steno of the Collector in the absence of Collector. The steno was drunk at that time. I cannot say what he recorded in my statement. I had not stated as marked A to Band C to Din Ex. P.11. On cross~xamination the Departmental Officer stated that my nomination form was filled by Sohan Singh. I was not dummy candidate." A B c D F G H A 964 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [I 9861 2 s.c.R. A fair reading of the said statement would give a complete lie to the charge that the appellant manipulated the I-- withdrawal of Jiwan Dass. It is clear that the first charge was not clear, in the sense, how the appellant had alleged to have manipulated the withdrawal of Jiwan Dass. It is difficult for any officer to meet a charge of this nature. The second B charge was about committing forgery effecting erasion of the word 'panch' on the nomination paper of Shri Chaturbhuj. This allegation was sought to be proved by the evidence of hand-writing expert. The hand-writing expert was not available~ for cross-examination on the ground that at that time he was dead. But if evidence of hand-writing expert was necessary to C prove the guilt of the appellant then it was necessary on the part of the department to adduce evidence to call another hand-writing expert to corroborate their charge. In order to prove the charge against him it was necessary to establish that Shri Chaturbhuj had filed nomination being D Ex. P.13, complete in all respects. Shri Chaturbhuj is the complainant and his evidence on filing of the nomination paper is not only contradictory but also leads one to believe that he had filed an incomplete nomination form. Shri Chatur Bhuj in Ex. E.H. Pl (D.E.) stated that his nomination paper was fuly filled in by him. This was taken by the Enquiry Officer E to mean that the nomination paper was complete in all respects ;. and wrongly rejected. Shri Chaturbhuj on 8th July, 1966 was shown the nomination from Ex. P.13 and he admitted that Ex. Pl3 bears his signatures and that he had submitted it for Sarpanch but he did not say that whether he had struck off the word 'panch' in the nomination paper so as to convey his 1' F proposal for Sarpanch. He also could not say on seeing the nomination paper that the word 'Panch' in the nomination paper marked A & B by the Additional Commissioner Departmental 4Enquiry had been struck off or not. He could not say whether ' any rubbing or erasion of the word 'Panch' had taken place or not. Shri Chaturbhuj had stated that he did not remember who G had written his nomination paper. There were two persons present at that time. One was his brother Shri Dhar who was not produced in the Departmental Enquiry and the other was Puran Chand Sharma of Ladnun. This was an ambiguous and misleading statement. On the other hand, in the evidence of )-- Shri Puran Chand, he said that he had filled up one form for H SAWAI SINGH v. STATE [SABYASACHI MUKHARJI, J,] 965 ~ Shri Chaturbhuj for Sarpanchship and identified the same to be ' Ex.13. He stated after a look at Ex. P.13 that the form was filled up by him in his own hand except the signatures which were done by Shri Chaturbhuj himself in his presence. When the form was shown to him, he stated in his examination-in-chief A that the name of Shri Chaturbhuj in Ex. P.13 marked G to Hand B 1 to J was in the hand-writing of Shri Chaturbhuj himself and also the signatures K to L were in the handwriting of Shri ~ Chatur Bhuj. There were several other contradictions in the said statement of Puran Chand which were mentioned in paragraphs 11 to 13 of the writ petition before the High ,,. Court. These were not considered by the High Court. '"- Quite apart from that fact, it appears to us that the ( charges were vague and it was difficult to meet the charges \ fairly by any accused. Evidence adduced was perforict,>ry and did not at all bring home the guilt of the accused. -" Shri B.D. Sharma, learned advocate for the respondent, contended that no allegations had been made before the enquiry officer or before the High Court, that the charges were vague. In fact the appellant had participated in the enquiry. That does not by itself exonerate the department to bring home the charges. It has been observed by this Court in Suresh