# SHIVESHWAR PRASAD NARAIN SINGH & ANR v. GHARAHU & ANR. ETC

- **Citation:** [1979] 2 S.C.R. 296
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1978-11-15
- **Bench:** P. S. Kailasam, D. A. Desai
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/shiveshwar-prasad-narain-singh-anr-v-gharahu-anr-etc-7513
- **Pages:** 10

## Headnote

U.P. Zamindari Abolition & Land Reforms Act, 1950-Scction 20-Scope·
""
c
D
of.
The U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 'vas enacted
for the abolition of zamindari system which involved interm,~diaries betwet"n
the tiller of the soil and the· State. The Act provides for the acquisition of
the rights, title and interest of intermediaries and to reform the law relating~
to land tenure consequent upon such abolition.
Chapter II makes provision
for acquisition of the interest of intermediaries and the consequences flowa1.g
therefrom. As from the date to be specified in a notification to be issued by
the State Governn1ent all estates situate in the State shall vest in the State·
and all such estates shall stand transferred and vest, with certain exceptions,
in the State free from all encumbrances.
Section 20 confers the status of adhivasi on certain classes of tenants, :'>lib--
tenants and occupants. Section 20(a) (i) which seeks to confer on a tenant
of sir the status of adhivasi provides that every person who is a te,nant of sir·
would become an adhivasi of the land, unless he has become a bhumidar of
the land under s. 18(2) or asami under s. 21 (h) and shall be entitled to take
E
or retain possession thereof. Section 20(b) (i) provides that every
persoa
who was recorded as occupant of any land in
the khasra or khataun1
of
1356F shall become adhivasi except in certain cases. Section 21 (h) provides
,;/
that every person who, on the date preceding the date of vesting occupied or-
,,-.
held land as a tenant of sir a sub-tenant or occupant, shall be deemed to bean asami thereof.
F
The plaintiff was an intermediary
who held the
land in dispute as sir.
G
H
under s. 18 of the Abolition Act and became a bhumidar of the land.
In three different suits filed against the defendants the plaintiff claimed;
that she was entitled to recover possession from the
defendant:-;, who
we1 e:
tenants of sir on the ground that she ·was holding the suit lands as an intermc>
diary and held the land as sir. She
claimed that (i) she had
become
a
bhumidar under s. 18 of the Act and (ii) she being a disabled person within
the meaning of s. 157 of the Act and the defendant in each case being an
occupant had become an asami by the combined operation of s. 20(b)(i) and.
s. 21 (h) and, therefore, she was entitled to recover possession from the defendant in each suit.
The defendants, in each suit on the other hand, clc:im-.
ed that he had become an atdhivasi and therefore, the plaintiff was not entitled
to recover possession.
The plaintiff's suits were dismissed by the lower court. Appeals to the·
Pistrict Judge !flld the High Court were also dismissed.
<
(
A
SHIVESHWAR v. GHARAHU ( Desar' J.)
297
In appeal to this Court it was contended on behalf of the plaintiffs th;it
if the tenant of sir who falls under s. 20(a) (i) is also recorded as occupa11t
under s. 20(b)(i) in the khasra of 1356F he ¥/ould become an occupant aud
would acquire the status of adhivasi under s. 20(b) (i) and in that event if the
landholder of such occupant is a disabled
person within the
meaning
of
s. 157, such occupant would not be an adhivasi but shall be deemed to be an
asami thereof in view of the provisions contained in s. 21 (h).
Dismissing the appeal,
JIELD : ( 1) If the defendant in each case \Vas a tenant of sir in res peel
of land of which possession is sought by the plaintiff and no one else was
shown as the occupant of such land in 1356F obviously the defendant in each
case would become adhivasi under s. 20(a)(i). Therefore, s. 21(h) would
not be attracted because the third clause of s. 21 (h) refers to an occupant as
envisaged in s. 20(b)(i) and therefore the defendant would not become an
asami as therein contemplated. [305D-E]
(2)
Although the expression "occupant" is not defined in the
Abolition
Act it has been interpreted to mean a person holding the land in possession or
actual enjoyment.
If a person was a tenant of sir on the date immediately
preceding the d

## Text

,. ..
296
A
SHIVESHWAR PRASAD NARAIN SINGH & ANR;
v.
GHARAHU & ANR. ETC.
November 15, 1978
8
[P. S. KAILASAM AND D. A. DESAI, JJ.]
U.P. Zamindari Abolition & Land Reforms Act, 1950-Scction 20-Scope·
""
c
D
of.
The U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 'vas enacted
for the abolition of zamindari system which involved interm,~diaries betwet"n
the tiller of the soil and the· State. The Act provides for the acquisition of
the rights, title and interest of intermediaries and to reform the law relating~
to land tenure consequent upon such abolition.
Chapter II makes provision
for acquisition of the interest of intermediaries and the consequences flowa1.g
therefrom. As from the date to be specified in a notification to be issued by
the State Governn1ent all estates situate in the State shall vest in the State·
and all such estates shall stand transferred and vest, with certain exceptions,
in the State free from all encumbrances.
Section 20 confers the status of adhivasi on certain classes of tenants, :'>lib--
tenants and occupants. Section 20(a) (i) which seeks to confer on a tenant
of sir the status of adhivasi provides that every person who is a te,nant of sir·
would become an adhivasi of the land, unless he has become a bhumidar of
the land under s. 18(2) or asami under s. 21 (h) and shall be entitled to take
E
or retain possession thereof. Section 20(b) (i) provides that every
persoa
who was recorded as occupant of any land in
the khasra or khataun1
of
1356F shall become adhivasi except in certain cases. Section 21 (h) provides
,;/
that every person who, on the date preceding the date of vesting occupied or-
,,-.
held land as a tenant of sir a sub-tenant or occupant, shall be deemed to bean asami thereof.
F
The plaintiff was an intermediary
who held the
land in dispute as sir.
G
H
under s. 18 of the Abolition Act and became a bhumidar of the land.
In three different suits filed against the defendants the plaintiff claimed;
that she was entitled to recover possession from the
defendant:-;, who
we1 e:
tenants of sir on the ground that she ·was holding the suit lands as an intermc>
diary and held the land as sir. She
claimed that (i) she had
become
a
bhumidar under s. 18 of the Act and (ii) she being a disabled person within
the meaning of s. 157 of the Act and the defendant in each case being an
occupant had become an asami by the combined operation of s. 20(b)(i) and.
s. 21 (h) and, therefore, she was entitled to recover possession from the defendant in each suit.
The defendants, in each suit on the other hand, clc:im-.
ed that he had become an atdhivasi and therefore, the plaintiff was not entitled
to recover possession.
The plaintiff's suits were dismissed by the lower court. Appeals to the·
Pistrict Judge !flld the High Court were also dismissed.
<
(
A
SHIVESHWAR v. GHARAHU ( Desar' J.)
297
In appeal to this Court it was contended on behalf of the plaintiffs th;it
if the tenant of sir who falls under s. 20(a) (i) is also recorded as occupa11t
under s. 20(b)(i) in the khasra of 1356F he ¥/ould become an occupant aud
would acquire the status of adhivasi under s. 20(b) (i) and in that event if the
landholder of such occupant is a disabled
person within the
meaning
of
s. 157, such occupant would not be an adhivasi but shall be deemed to be an
asami thereof in view of the provisions contained in s. 21 (h).
Dismissing the appeal,
JIELD : ( 1) If the defendant in each case \Vas a tenant of sir in res peel
of land of which possession is sought by the plaintiff and no one else was
shown as the occupant of such land in 1356F obviously the defendant in each
case would become adhivasi under s. 20(a)(i). Therefore, s. 21(h) would
not be attracted because the third clause of s. 21 (h) refers to an occupant as
envisaged in s. 20(b)(i) and therefore the defendant would not become an
asami as therein contemplated. [305D-E]
(2)
Although the expression "occupant" is not defined in the
Abolition
Act it has been interpreted to mean a person holding the land in possession or
actual enjoyment.
If a person was a tenant of sir on the date immediately
preceding the date of vesting but was not recorded as an occupant in Khasra
A
B
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or Khatauni of 1356F he
became an adhivasi and not
an asami
under
D
s. 20(a) (i). If on the other hand he is not ooly a tenant of sir and is also
recorded as an occupant in the khasra or khatauni of 1356F meaning thereby
that if on the relevant date he was in possession and actual enjoyment of the
land, he \Voul<l become adhivasi under s . .20(b) (i) and woult.1 be exposed to
the further exception enacted ins. 21(h) which, if attracted, would make him
asami. Therefore, a tenant of sir not being in possession on the relevant date
would be in a more favourable position than one who would be in cont1E
nuous undisturbed possession being recorded as occupant in kbasra or khatauni
of 1356F. Such could not be the intention of the legislature. [302H; 303A-Bl
I
Amba Prasad v. Abdul Noor Khan & Ors., [1964] 7 SCR 800; referred to.
Kumari Radha Kishori v. Joint Director of Consolidation, U.P., 1972 All.
L.J. 738; approved.
(3) Section 20(a)(i) and (ii) provide for conferring the status of adhivasi on a tenant of sir or sub-tenant as the case may be, but it a1o;o comprehends the situation that such a tenant of sir or a sub-tenant may not be in
possession and there may be someone else recorded as occupant in khasra 01
khatauni of 1356 F which would mean that someone other than the tenant of
sir, or a sub-tenant was in possession or actual enjoyment of the land. It is
such an occupant who is in actual possession and enjoyment of land being ~he
tiller of soil, was to be adhivasi in preference to tenant of sit or sub-tenant of
such land. Such class of occupant envisaged in s. 20(b)(i) is taken oul of
the operation of s. 20(a) (i) or (ii) by engrafting an exception except as provided in s. 20(b)(i). That is whys. 20(a) (i) and (ii) open with an
exception, namely, except as provided in sub-clause (i) of clause (b) which would
mean that except where there is an occupant recorded in 1356 F on the land
of which there is tenant of sir or sub-tenant the latter would become adhivasi,
but where there is an occupant on land recorded in 1356 F such occupunt
would be ll<lhivasi. [303F-H]
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298
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1979] 2 S.C.R.
With a view to extinguishing feudal overlordship and removing all inter·
mediaries so as to establish direct relationship bet~een the State and the tiller
of the soil, a bold attempt was made by the Act to remove all intermediaries.
fhis laudable object in enacting the statute must inform interpretative t'TGcess and where the lansuage is ambiguous or ca.pable of t\vo interpretattons,
the court should so interpret the provision as to advance the legislative intendment.
[301A-BJ
Civ1L APPELLlATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 1198-1200
of 1969
(Appeals by special leave from the Judgment and Order dt. 29.10.68
of the All•habad High Court in S. A. Nos. 3949-3950 and 4000 of
1959).
J. P. Goyal, S. M. Jain and S. K. Jain for the appellant.
Yogeshwar Prasad, S. Bagga; and Meera Bali for the respondents.
The Judgment of the Comt was delivered by
DESAI, J.-These three appeals by special leave arise from three different suits filed by plaintiff Smt. Raj Rup Kunwar for possession of certain plots of land from the defendnnts in each 'suit under section 202
of the U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 (Abolition Act', for short), alleging that on the relevant date she was holding
the land involved in the suit as an intermediary as sir and has accordingly become bhumidhar under section 18, of the Abolition Act and she
being u disabled person within the meaning of section 157, the defendant in each oase being an occupant, bas become an asami by the combined operation of section 20(b) (i) and section 21 (h) of the Abolition
Act and, therefore, she is entitled to recover possession from the defendant in each suit. The defendant in each suit contested the claim of
the plaintiff contending that the defendant in each case has become an
adhivasi and, therefore, the plaintiff is not entitled to recover possession.
The Sup-Divisional Offic6r in whose court the suit was instituted agreed
with the defendants and dismissed the suits and the first appeal in each
suit to the District Judge, Varanasi and the Second Appeal to the High
Conrt at Allahabad did not meet with success.
Hence, the present
appeals by the legal repre5entatives of the original plaintiff who died in
the course' of litigation.
The appeals were consolidated by the High
Court and were disposed of by a common judgment.
The facts concurrently found and not in dispute are that the deceased plaintiff was an intermediary who held the land involved in the dispute as sir and under section 18 of the Abolition Act became a bhumi·
dhar of the land. Defendant in each case was the tenant of sir. Deceased plaintiff was paying more than Rs. 250/- per annum and, therefore,
i
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SHIVESHWA!l v. GHARAHU (Desai, J.)
299
section 16 would not be attracted.
Plaintiff was a disabled person
within the meaning of section 10 and section 157.
All the Courts aro
agreed that the defendant in each suit was recorded as tenant of sir in
the khasra of 1356 Fasli.
A
On these undisputed facts a narrow but interesting question raised
in these appeals is whether the defendant in each case would become an
B
adhivasi under section 20(a) (i) or an asami by the combined operation
of section 20(b)(i) and section 21(1)(h) of the Abolition Act.
Section 20 reads as under :-
"20. Every person who-
( a) on the date immediately preceding the date of vesting
was or has been deemed to l>e in accordance with the provisions of this Act-
(i) exce!pt as provided in sub-clause ~i) of clalise (b),
a tenant of sir (other than a tenant referred to in clause (ix)
of section 19 or in whose favour hereditary rights accrue in
accordance with the provlsions of Section 10) or
(ii) except as provided in [sub-clause (i) of
clause
(b)] a sul>-tenant other than a sub-tenant referred to
in
proviso to sulr'section (3) of sec·ion 27 of the United Provinces Tenancy (AmendmemJ Act, 1947 (U.P.
Act XVII
of 1939), of any land other than grove land,
( b) was recorded as occupant,-
(i) of any land [other than grove land or land to which
section 16 applies or land referred to in the proviso to subsectien (3) of section 27 of the U.P. Tenancy (Amendment)
Act, 1947] in the khasra or khatauni or 1356 F. prepared
under section 28 and 3 3 respectively of the U .P. Land Revenue
Act, 1901 (U.P.
Act III of 1901), or who was on the date
immediately preceding the date of vesting entitled to regain
pos·session thereof under clause ( c) of sub-sec lion (1) of
section 27 of the United Provinces Tenancy (Amendment)
Act,.1947 (U.P. Act X of 1947), or
(ii) of any land to which section 36 applies,
in · the
khasra or khatauni of 1956 Fasli prepared under sections 28
and 33 respectively of the United Provinces Land Revenuo
Act, 1901 (U.P. Act III of 1901), l>ut who was not in possession in the year 1356 F.
c
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B
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300
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1979] 2 S.C.R •.
'shall, unless he has become a bhumidhar of the land under
sub-section (2) of section 18 or an asami under clause (h) of
section 21, be called adhivasi of the land and shall, subject to
the provisions of this Act, be entitled to take or retain possession thereof".
Section 21 (I) (h) reads as under :-
"21. Non-occupancy tenants. sub-tenants of grove-lands
and tenant's mortgagees to be asamis-( l) Notwithstanding
anything contained in this Act, every person who, on the date
immediately preceding the date of vesting, occupied or held
lanci as-
(h) a tenant of sir of land referred to in sub-clause (a)
of clause (i) of the explanation under section 16, a sub-tenant
referred to in sub-clause ('ii) of clause (a) of section 20 or
an occupant referred to in 'sub-clause (i) of clause (b)
of
the said section where the landholder or if there are more
than one land-holders, all of them were person or persons belonging-
(a) if the land was let out or occupied prior to the ninth
day of April, 1946, both on the date of letting or occupation, as the case may be, and on the ninth day of
April, 1946,, and
(b) if the land was let out or occupied (on or) after the
ninth day of April. 1946, on the date of letting
or
occupation.
to any one or more of the classes mentioned in sub-section
(1) of section 157.
shall be deemed to be an asami thereof".
The Abolition Act as its Preamble shows, was enacted to provide·
for the abolition of the, Zamindari system which involved intermediaries.
between the tiller of the soil and the State in Uttar Pradesh and for the·
acquisition of their rights, title and interest and to reform the law relating to land tenure consequent upon such abolition and acquisition and:
to make provisions for other matters connected therewith.
Ch31pter n
makes provision for acquisition of the interest of intermediaries and the
consequences flowing therefrom. On a notification to be issued by·
the State Government after the commencement of the Act as from the
date to be specified in notification all estates situated in Uttar Pradesh.
shall vest in the State and all ·such estates shall stand transferred
and.
)
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..,.,
SHIVESHWAR V, GHARAHU (Desai, /,)
301
vest, except otherwise provided, in the State, free from all encumbrances. With a view to extinguishing feudal over-lordship and removing all
intermediaries so as to establish direct relationship between the State
and the tiller of the soil, a bold attempt was made by the Abolition Act
to remove all intermediaries.
This laudable object in enacting the
statute must inform intepretative process and where the language
i:;
ambiguous, or capable of two interpretations, the Cowt should so interpret the provisions as to advance the, legislative intendment.
Bearing
in mind this well-known canon of construction of such welfare legislation, we may now approach the specific contentions raised in this appeal.
Section 20 which we have extracted above provides for conferring
Adhivasi status on certain classes of tenants, sub-'.enants and occupants.
Section 20(a) (i) seeks to confer on a tenant of sir the status of adhivasi, subject to certain exceptions enacted in the section.
Indisputably, defendant in each case was a tenant of sir. Sub-section (a) (i)
of s. 20, omitting inapplicable portion,, provides that every person who,
on the date immediately preceding the date of vesting was or has been
deemed to be in accordance with the provisions of the Act, a tenant of
sir, shall, unless he has become a bhumidhar of the land under subsection (2) of s. 18 or an asami under clause (h) of s. 21, would become
adhivasi of the land.
Sub-clause (i) of s. 20(,a) starts with an exception as set out in sub-clause (i) of clause (b) of"s. 20.
Analysing section 20 (a) (i) it would appear that every person who is a tenant of sir
on the date immediately preceding the date of vesting shall, unless he
has become a bhumidhar under s. 18(2) or asami under s. 21 (h) would
become an adhivasi.
Sub-clause (i) of clau·se (ib) provides that every
person who was recorded as occupant of any land in the khasra
or
khatauni of 1356 Fasli prepared under relevant statute, shall, except in
cases therein mentioned, become adhivasi.
Section 20 confers status
of adhivasi on certain classes of tenants of sir as provid~d ins. 20(a) (i)
and 0n certain sub-tenan's provided in section 20(a) (ii) and on occupants of land envisaged in s. 20(b)(i) and (ii).
The expression
"except as provided in sub-clanse (i) of clause (b)" both in section
20(a) (i) and 20(a) (ii) would only mean that except those persons who
would fall in sub-clause (i) of clause (b), all other tenants of sir falling
under sub-clause (i) of s. 20 (a) or all sub-tenants falling under clause
(ii) of s. 20(a) would become adhivasis unless otherwise provided in
'· 18(2) ors. 21(h).
On a pure grammatical construction it would
appear that every tenant of sir or a sub-tenant covered by clause (i) or
clause: (ii) of s. 20(a), would become adhivasi unless there is some one
who is covered by clause (b) (i) of s. 20 recorded as occupant of the
land of which there was a tenant of sir as envisaged bys. 20(3) (i) or
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302
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1979] 2 S.C.R.
a sub-tenant M envisaged by s. 20(a)(ii). Once in respecl of a land
there is not shown to be any person as envisaged bys. 20(b) (i) on the
land of which there is a tenant of sir or a sub-tenant as envisaged by s.
20(a) (i) and (ii) respectively, the latter would become adhivasi but
if there is some one in respect of such land who is recorded as nccupant
and qualifies for being regarded adhivasi undel:i s. 20(b) (i) he would
become adhivasi in preference to or over-riding the claim of a tenant
of sir or sub-tenant described ins. 20(a) (i) or 20(a) (ii) respectively.
It was, however, contended that the occupant is not defined in the
Act and that the occupant can only mean a person holding the land in
possession or actual enjoyment. Proceeding further it was said that if
a tenant of sir wM falls under s. 20(a) (i) is also recorded as occupant under s. 20(b) (i) in the khasra of 1356 Fas!i, he would become an
occupant and would acquire the status of adhivasi under s. 20\b)(i)
and in that event if the land holder of such occup~nt is a disabled person
within the meaning of s. 157, such occupant would not be an adhivasi
but shall Ix! deemed to be an asami thereof in view of the provisio!l contained in s. 21 (h). Legal consequence of acquiring a status of adhivasi or asami is that in the former ca:a the disabled person where occupant such person wa·s cannot evict him from land for personal cultivation,
which bar does not exist in the case of asami.
It was contended that a tenant of sir who, if he is also an occupant
of the land within the meaning of s. 20(b)(i), would become adhivasi
under s. 20(b) (i) whereupon s. 21 (h) would be attrac'.ed and :mch a
tenant of sir would become an asami and not adhivasi. This construction is sought to be spelt out by reference to the exception engrafted in
s, 20(a) (i) by iubmitting that a tenant of sir can become adhivasi under
s. 20(a) (i), if on the date immediately preceding the date of vesting
he is a tenant Qf sir but is not recorded as occupant in the khasra or
khatauni of 1356 F. This approach apart from being contrary to the
grammatical conitruction of the section, also runs counter to the very
object or the scheme of the legislation. A tenant of sir was more favourably placed than a mere occupant whose possession may not be referable to a valid title before the enactment of Abolition Act. The expression 'occupant' in Abolition Act is not defined but it has been interpreted to mean a person holding the land in possession or actual enjoyment (see Amba Prasad v. Abdul Noor Khan & Ors.)('). If a person
is a tenant of sir on the date immediately preceding the date of vesting
but is not recorded as an occupant in khasra or khatauni of 1356 F., he
becomes adhivasi and not an asami under s. 20(a)(i). If on the other
(!) [1964] 7 S.C.R. 800,
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SHIVESHWAR v. GHARAHU (Desai, J.)
303
hand he is not only a tenant of sir and is also recorded as an occupant
in the khasra or khatauni of 1356 F. meaning thereby that if on the relevant date he was in possession and actual enjoyment of the land he
would become adhivasi under s. 20(b) (i) and would be exposed to the
further exception enacted ins. 21 (h) which if attracted, would make
him asami. Therefore, a tenant of sir not being in possession on the relevat da'e would be in a more favourable position than one who would be
in continuous undisturbed possession being recorded as occupant in
khasra or khatauni of 1356 F. Such could not be the intention of the
legislature. Therefore, the construction suggested by Mr. Goyal cannot
be accepted.
A
A tenant of sir or a sub-tenant would become under s. 20(a) (i) or
(ii), as the case may be, an adhivasi.
Now let us recall the object in
enacting the legislation which wa's to confer certain rights on persons who
were in actual pos~ession of land.
Legislature must have in view the
eventuality where a tenant of sir or sub-tenant as contemplated by
s. 20\a) (i) or (ii), as the case may be, would not be in possession but
some oue else is in possession and enjoyment and, therefore, may have
been recorded as an occupant in the khasra or khatauni of 1356F. The
statute in such a situation intended to confer the status of adhivasi on
such occupant in preference to a tenant of sir or sub-tenant who is not
in possession.
This construction advances the object to be achieved by
the legislation, namely to remove intermediaries rutd to bring the tiller
of the soil in direct relation to the State.
Section 20(b) (i) contemplates an occupant who is recorded in respect of land therein mentioned
as being in actual possession because khasra records possession and en--
joyment of the land and therefore the expression occupant was interpreted to mean a person holding a land in possession or actual enjoyment.
If this meanin& of the expression 'occupant' is kept in view, s. 20(a) &
(p) present no difficulty for construction.
Section 20(a) (i) and (ii)
provide for conferring the status of adhivasi on a lenant or sir or mbte11ant, as the ca•e may be, but it also comprehends the situation that
such a tenant of sir or a sub-tenant may not be in po~session and there
may be some one else recorded as occupant in khasra or l::hatauni of
1356 F. which would m~n that some one other than the tenant of sir,
or a sub-tenant was in possesBion or actual enjoyment of the land. It is
such an occupant who is in actual possession and enjoyment of land
being the tiller of soil, was te be adhivasi in preference to tenant of sir
or sub-tenant of such land.
Such class of occupant envisaged in
s.
ZO(b) (i) is taken out of the operation of s. 20(a) (i) or (ii) by engrafting an exception; ~xcept as provided in s. 20(b)(i). That is why s.
20(a) (i) and (a) (ii) open with an exception, namely, •xcept as proviB
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1979] 2 S.C.R.
ded in sub-clause (i) of clause (b) which would mean that except where
there is an occupant recorded in 1356 F. on the land of which thcro is
a tenant of sir or sub-tenant, the latter would become adhivasi, but where
there is an occupant on land recorded in 1356 F. such occupant would
be adhivasi. Allahabad High Court in Kumari Radha Kishori v. Joint
Director of Consolidation, U.P. (') interpreted s. 20(a)(i) and (ii)
to mean what we have indicated above when it observed that except as
provided in sub-clause ( i) of clau·se (b) occurring in s. 20( a) ( i) indicates that if •a• is a tenant of sir on the date immediately preceding•he
date of vesting and 'b' is recorded as occupant of sir in 1356 F., then
'b' will acquire adhivasi rights in preference to 'a'. It was further held
that a person who is in fact a tenant of sir and who is so recorded in
the records of 1356 F., will acquire adhivasi rights under s. 20(a) (i)
and not under s. 20(b) (i).
Mr. Goyal, however, contended that this Court in Amba Prasad's
(supra) case has in terms held that a person in possession alone can be
.D
recorded as an occupant and that if a tenant of sir was in possession and
actual enjoyment and was, therefore, recorded as occupant in 1356 F.
he is an occupant and the case would fall under s. 20(b) (i).
In a
slightly different context this Court observed as under :
.F
II
"The word 'occupant' is not defined in the Act.
Since
khasra records possession and enjoyment the word 'occupant'
must mean a person holding the land in possession or actual
enjoyment. The khasra, however, may mention the proprietor, the tenant, the sub-tenant and other person in actual possession, as the case may be.
If by occupant is meant the
person in actual possession it is clear lh'Jt between a proprietor and a tenant the tenant, and between a tenant and the subtenant the sub-tenant the latter and between him and a person
recorded in the remarks colnmn as "Dawedar Qabiz" the
dawedar qabiz are the occupants. This is the only logical way
to irterepret the section whick does away wi'h all intermediaries'"'.
Instead of supporting the construction as canvassed for by Mr. Goyal,
this observation accords with the construction as put by ns.
The whole
gamut of law under discus"sion proceeds in the direction of removal of
intermediaries of all sorts and kinds so as to bring the tiller in direct relation to the State. Now, if there is a tenant of sir or a sub-tenant of
a land who held the status or character on the day just preceding the
(!) 1972 Allahabad Law Joumal 738.
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SH!VESHWAR v. GHARAHU (Desai, I.)
305
date of vesting but some one other than the tenant or sir or sub-tenant i's
recorded as occupant in khasra or khatauni of 1356 F. obviously the
tenant of sir or sub-tenant is intermediary and by conferring adhivasi
status on the occupant in such circumstances the intermediaries
are
being done away with.
The hierarchy set out in Amba Prasad's (supra)
case would show that Dawedar Qabiz means person in actual possession
but whose possession is not referable to a valid title would become an
occupant.
This would indicate that in considering relative rights ·s.
20(h) accords preference to one in actual possession against one who
holds some right in the land.
The construction, therefore, as put by us
accords with the object and purpose of the legislation and it is a wellsettled rule of construction that where two constructions
are possible, one which advances the object of the legislation must be preferred
to one which may retard or frustrate the object of the legisl:ition.
The view in Amba Prasad's (supra) case was affirmed by this
·Court in Nath Singh & Ors. v. The Board of Revenue & Ors.(')
If defendant in each case was a tenant of sir in respect of land of
which the possession is sought by the plaintiff and no one else
was
shown as the occupant of such land in 1356 F., obviously the defendant
in each case would become adhivasi under s. 20(a)(i).
Therefore, s.
21 (h) would not be attracted as contended for by Mr. Goyal in this case
·because the third clause of s. 21 (h) refer.s to an occupant as cn'1Jsaged in
sub-clause (i) of clause (b) of s. 20 and, therefore, the defendant would
not becomB an a:sami as therein contemplated.
In this view 9f the
matter the plaintiff's suit has been rightly
dismissed.
Accordingly
these appeals fail and are dismissed with no order as to costs.
P. B. R.
Appeals dismissed .
(!) [1968] 3 S.C.R. 498.
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