# • spPREME COURT REPORTS THE STATE OF BIHAR v. BASA WAN SINGH - **Citation:** [1959] 1 S.C.R. 195 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1959 - **Bench:** Bhagwati, Venkatarama Aiyar, s. K. DAS, A. K. Sarkar, VIVIAN BosE - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/sppreme-court-reports-the-state-of-bihar-v-basa-wan-singh-1579 - **Pages:** 18 ## Headnote . Criminal Law-Bribe-Trap-Testimony of the raiding partyReliability-I ndependent corroboration-Whether essential-Whether circumstantial evidence suJficient-Evidence of Magistrate interested in the trap-Evidence of accomplices and partisans-Reliability . The respondent, a sub-inspector of police, was charged with acceptance of Rs. roo as a bribe from two persons, B and P, for dropping a case which he had instituted against B under the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946. The prosecution case was that when the demand for the bribe made by the res.r-ondent could not be avoided, B and P approached the AntiCorruption Department, and it was arranged that the respondent should be paid at the'police station the bribe money in the shape of currency notes produced by B and P and initialled by M, who was in charge of the Anti-Corruption Department, and that M, along with a Deputy Superintendent of the Department and a first class Magistrate, should be at the police station at the time of payment, dressed as ordinary villagers; that as soon as the amounts in notes were received by the respondent the officers disclosed their identity, that thereupon the respondent tried to throw away the currency notes but that as a result of the offic~ catching hold of his hands the notes were found in his hand ........ except one which was missing and that as a result of a search made in the presence of two search witnesses later the missing note was also found. The resp~naent was tried by the Special Judge who accepted the prosecution evidence and found him guilty of the offence under s. 161 of the Indian Penal Code. On appeal to the High Court the learned single Judge who disposed of the appeal held that the respondent could not be convicted bccijuse (r) there was no independent witness to support "the testimony of the " raiding party " consisting of the two bribe- • givers and the three officers, (2) the search witnesses did not prove the transaction nor were they present at the time of the occurrence, and (3) the decision in Rao Shiv Bahadiv Singh v. State of Vindhya Pradesh, [1954] S.C.R. 1098, had laid down an invariable rule that in cases of this nature the testimony of those witnesses who form what is called " the raiding party" must be discarded, unless that testimony is corroborated by independent witnesses. The State appealed by special leave: '1eld, (1) that the evidence of the two search witnesses provided independent corroboration in a material particular to • • • • :March zr. , . •• • • 196 SUPREME COURT REPORT~ [1959] z958 the testimony of the raiding party, because the missing currency - . · note, one of the series testified to by the raiding party, could be The State 0! Biharfound where it was actually found only if the testimony of the • v. raiding party was true. Basa~a~Singh • • • (2) that corroboration need not be by direct evidence that the accused committed the crime; it is sufficient even though it is merely by circumstantial evidence of his connection with the crime. Ramcshwar v. The State. of Rajasthan, [1952] S. C. R. 377, ' followed. (3) that the decision in Rao Shiv Balladur Singh v. State of Vindhya Pradesh, [1954] S.C.R. 1098, has not laid down any inflexible rule that the evidence of the witnesses of the raiding party must be discarded in all cases in the absence of any independent corroboration. The correct rule is that if any of the witnesses are accomplices, their evidence is admissible in law but the judge must warn the jury of the danger of convicting the accused on.the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice; if the case is tried without the aid of a jury, the judge should indicate in his judgment that he harl this rule of caution in mind and give reasons for considering it unnecessary to require corroboration; if, however, the witnesses are not accomplices but are merely partisan or interested witnesses, who are concerned in the success of the trap, their evidence must be tested in the same way as an ## Text _Characters 0–39,936 of 41,110. This is a partial read: ask again with offset=39936 for what follows._ - • • S.C.R. • spPREME COURT REPORTS THE STATE OF BIHAR v. BASA WAN SINGH 195 - (BHAGWATI, VENKATARAMA AIYAR, s. K. DAS, A. K. SARKAR and VIVIAN BosE, JJ.) . Criminal Law-Bribe-Trap-Testimony of the raiding partyReliability-I ndependent corroboration-Whether essential-Whether circumstantial evidence suJficient-Evidence of Magistrate interested in the trap-Evidence of accomplices and partisans-Reliability . The respondent, a sub-inspector of police, was charged with acceptance of Rs. roo as a bribe from two persons, B and P, for dropping a case which he had instituted against B under the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946. The prosecution case was that when the demand for the bribe made by the res.r-ondent could not be avoided, B and P approached the AntiCorruption Department, and it was arranged that the respondent should be paid at the'police station the bribe money in the shape of currency notes produced by B and P and initialled by M, who was in charge of the Anti-Corruption Department, and that M, along with a Deputy Superintendent of the Department and a first class Magistrate, should be at the police station at the time of payment, dressed as ordinary villagers; that as soon as the amounts in notes were received by the respondent the officers disclosed their identity, that thereupon the respondent tried to throw away the currency notes but that as a result of the offic~ catching hold of his hands the notes were found in his hand ........ except one which was missing and that as a result of a search made in the presence of two search witnesses later the missing note was also found. The resp~naent was tried by the Special Judge who accepted the prosecution evidence and found him guilty of the offence under s. 161 of the Indian Penal Code. On appeal to the High Court the learned single Judge who disposed of the appeal held that the respondent could not be convicted bccijuse (r) there was no independent witness to support "the testimony of the " raiding party " consisting of the two bribe- • givers and the three officers, (2) the search witnesses did not prove the transaction nor were they present at the time of the occurrence, and (3) the decision in Rao Shiv Bahadiv Singh v. State of Vindhya Pradesh, [1954] S.C.R. 1098, had laid down an invariable rule that in cases of this nature the testimony of those witnesses who form what is called " the raiding party" must be discarded, unless that testimony is corroborated by independent witnesses. The State appealed by special leave: '1eld, (1) that the evidence of the two search witnesses provided independent corroboration in a material particular to • • • • :March zr. , . •• • • 196 SUPREME COURT REPORT~ [1959] z958 the testimony of the raiding party, because the missing currency - . · note, one of the series testified to by the raiding party, could be The State 0! Biharfound where it was actually found only if the testimony of the • v. raiding party was true. Basa~a~Singh • • • (2) that corroboration need not be by direct evidence that the accused committed the crime; it is sufficient even though it is merely by circumstantial evidence of his connection with the crime. Ramcshwar v. The State. of Rajasthan, [1952] S. C. R. 377, ' followed. (3) that the decision in Rao Shiv Balladur Singh v. State of Vindhya Pradesh, [1954] S.C.R. 1098, has not laid down any inflexible rule that the evidence of the witnesses of the raiding party must be discarded in all cases in the absence of any independent corroboration. The correct rule is that if any of the witnesses are accomplices, their evidence is admissible in law but the judge must warn the jury of the danger of convicting the accused on.the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice; if the case is tried without the aid of a jury, the judge should indicate in his judgment that he harl this rule of caution in mind and give reasons for considering it unnecessary to require corroboration; if, however, the witnesses are not accomplices but are merely partisan or interested witnesses, who are concerned in the success of the trap, their evidence must be tested in the same way as any other interested evidence is tested, and in a proper case, the Court may look for independent corroboration before convicting the accused j'\!rson. If a Magistrate puts himself in the position of a partisan /or interested witness, he cannot claim any higher status and must be treated as any other interested witness. CRIMINAL APPELLATE. •JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal N.o. 134 of 1955 . Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated January 13; 1955, of the Patna High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 339 of 1953, arising.out of the judgment and order dated May 22, 1953, of the. Court of the Special Judge at Gaya in Special Case No. 3 of 1952 . • C. ]{. Daphtary, Solicitor-General of lmlia, A. K. Dutta and S. P. Varma, for the appellant. H.J. Umrigar and Ratnaparkhi, A. G., for the respondent. 1958. March 21. delivered by • The Judgment of the Courifwas t • • I ·{ I S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS ' . 197 ·- · S. K. DAS J.-This appeal by special leave has z95B been brought by the State of Bihar from the judgment The State of BihaY and order of a learned single Judge of the High Court v. · 6f Patna, dated January 13, 1955, by which the Basaw'lnSingh learned Judge set aside the conviction and sentence passed against the present respondent Basa wan 5 · K. Das f. Singh and acquitted him of a charge under s. 161, • Indian Penal Code, on which charge he had been convicted by the learned Special Judge of Gaya by his judgment and order, dated May 22, 1953. It is necessary to ;tate here very briefly the salient facts of the prosecution case. One Bhagwan Das · (prosecution witness no. 7) had a ration shop at a short distance from police station Arwal in the district of Gaya. One of the persons entitled to receive rationed articles from the said shop was Mahabir Prasad (prosecution witness no. 10), who was a brother of a businessman named Parmeshwar Prasad (prosecution witness no. 11). Mahabir Prasad held a ration card for ten units, and on October 4, 1951, he purchased five maunds of wheat on the strength of his ration card from the shop of Bhagwan Das. A, cash memo was issued for the purpose, and the sale was entered in the register of the shop. Mahabir Prasad carried the wheat in four bags on two ponie'l>. He himself went ahead on a cycle and the ponies ' followed him. A gentleman· named Ram Singhasan Singh, stated to be the Secretary of Arwal Thana Congress Committee, sent an information to the police station to the effoct that Bhagwan Das had sold the wheat in what was called the "black market". On receipt of this information, Basa wan Singh, who is res:t1ondent before us and who was at that time sub- •inspector of police attached to the said police station, instituted a case under s. 7 of the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946, agains11 Bhagwan Das and Mahabir Prasad. He seized the wheat which was being carried on the two ponies, went to the shop of Bhagwan Das and· questioned him about the transaction. Bhagwan Das denied the charge of blackmarketing and alleged that the transaction was a bona fide sale on the strength and authority of a ration ' . • • .. • 198 SUPREME COURT REPORT~ [1959] r95B card. He showed the duplicate copy of the cash - . memo and the entry in the sale register to the responThe Stat• of Bihar dent. The respondent then checked the stock of Basar.:~ Singh wheat in the shop of Bhagwan Das and found that · the stock tallied with the relevant entry in the stock • s. K. Das f. register. In the meantime Mahabir Prasad who had been sent for also came to the shop with his cash memo and ration card. These were shown to the res- • pondent who, however, arrested both Bhagwan Das and Mahabir Prasad and took ,them to the police station. It was alleged that at the police station the respondent demanded Rs. 500 as a bribe from Mahabir Prasad. Mahabir Prasad could not pay the amount, but said that he would consult his brother Parmeshwar Prasad and the latter would come and pay to the respondent whatever sum was thought necessary. Both Bhagwan Das and Mahabir Prasad were then releltsed on bail. On the next day Bhagwan Das was called to the police station and a bribe Rs. 500 was demanded from him also. It was alleged that the respondent told Bhagwan Das that if he did not pay the amount, the respondent would harass him; but if Bhagwan Das paid the amount, the respondent would submit a final report and no case would be started against him. 1'\hagwan Das expressed his inability to pay such a ..- big amount and. it was alleged that ultimately the amount was reduced to Rs. 300. Bhagwan Das, however, did not pay it •for some time, and the pro- •• • secution case was that the respondent took wheat from the shop of Bhagwan Das, without payment of any price, between the date October 26, 1951, and Nuvember 30, 1951 ; in this way, seven maunds and ·ten seers of wheat, it was alleged, were taken by the respondent from the shop of Bhagwan Das, thougli the sales were noted in the sale register in the names of various pel'!lons. On December 1, 1951, the respondent, it was stated, agreed to accept Rs. 50 from - Bhagwan Das in addition to ·the wheat already taken by him, in full satisfaction of the demand of Rs. 300. When Bhagwan Das found that ho had no 1!.Jther alternative but to pay the amount demanded by the • • • • • i ,. • S.C.R. fVPREME COURT REPORTS 199 respondent, he decided to approach the Anti-Corrupr958 tion Department of the Government of Bihar. One Th 5 -- .h kh . . D S h G e late of Bi ar S. P. Mu er31, eputy ecretary to t e overnment v. of Bihar, was then in charge of the Department. Bas~wan !>ingh Bhagwan Das met Mukherji on two dates, December 3, ., 1951, and December 5, 1951, and filed a written petis. K. Das J. tion to him. Mukherji sent for his Deputy Superin- • tendent of Police, a gentleman named · Dharnidhar Misra, who was also attached to the Anti-Corruption Department. Bhagwan Das produced before Mukherji five Government currency notes of Rs. 10 each, the numbers of which were noted in his · written petition. Mukherji put his initials on these notes and then returned them to Bhagwan Das. Mukherji then requested the District Magistrate of Patna to depute a first class Magistrate, and one Rudra Dev Sahai was so deputed. It was settled that on December 8, 1951, · at about 7 p.m. the bribe money in the shape of the initialled notes would be paid to the respondent, and it was arranged that Bhagwan Das would meet the officers from Patna on the canal road from Patna to Arwal at some distance from the police station. Nothing, however, happened on December· 8, 1951, because the respondent was away from the police station. On the next day, that is December 9, 195i, the officers from Patna, namely Mukherji, Misra and Sahai, met Bhagwan Das at the appointed place at about 6-30 p.m. Bhagwan Das then told the officers that Parmeshwar Prasad had also arrived there for paying Rs. 50 as bribe to the respondent for the release of the wheat which had been seized and which was.sti,11 at the pol\ce station. Parmeshwar Prasad was, • then brought to Mukherji at about 7-30 p.m. Mukherji questioned him and recorded his statement which was endorsed by the Magistrate, Rudra Dev Sahai. Parmeshwar Prasad then produced five notes of Rs. 10 each, the numbers of which were also noted in the statement. The notes were then initialled by Mukherji. After this, the party went to the police station. The officers who had dressed themselves as ordii\ary villagers and posed to be relatives of Bhagwfn Das.squatted on the ground a few feet away . . . • •• • 200 SUPREME COURT REPORTi] [1959] z958 from the verandah of the quarters which the responh 1 'h dent occupied, and Bhagwan Das and Parmeshwar T 'State o Bi arp d d h f h v. rasa stoo on t e steps o t e verandah where • Basa'1an' Singh the respondent met them. Leaving out details, which are not necessary for our purpose, what happened then s. K. Das J. was this. Bhagwan Das paid Rs. 50 in currency notes which the respondent t<;>ok in his left hand. Parmeshwar Prasad also paid his amount in notes to ' the respondent. The officers were then called. The Magistrate and the Deputy Supeiointendent of Police disclosed their identity, and the Deputy Superintendent told the respondent that he had received a bribe. The respondent tried to throw away the currency notes, but the Deputy Superintendent of Police caught hold of his left palm and the Magistrate caught hold of his right hand. There was a scuffle, and · the respondent was brought down from the verandah and was taken to an open place south-west of the police station. Nine currency notes were found in the hand of the respondent and they tallied with the numbers noted down earlier. One cnrre~1qy note was not found till a search was made by means of a petromax lantern in the presence of two search witnesses, Ganesh Prasad (prosecution witness no. 5) and Janki Sao (prosecution witness no. 4). The search was made at about 9 p.m. and the missing note was found in a crumpled condition in the south- •• • western corner of the ve'randah. A reporti_0f the whole incident was then prepared by the lJeputy Superintendent of Police and handed over to the officer in charge of .Arwal police station. The case was then investigated into by another Deputy Superintendent of Police one Hasan of Aurangabad. After. completion of investigation the Deputy Inspector · General of Police, C.I.D., accorded sanction to the prosecution of" the respondent on April 1, 1952. Thereafter, the respondent was tried by the Special • Judge of Gaya who, by his judgnlent and order dated May 22, 1953, found the respondent guilty of the offence under s. 161, Indian Penal Code, and sentenced him to rigorous imprisonment for one year only. ' It may be here stated that the qefence1 of the • • \. ,. ' ) • S.C.R. ~UPREME COURT :B,EPORTS 201 respondent was that in the ease against Bhagwan Das r958 · and Mahabir Prasad, he had submitted a final report -- on October 8, 1951, to the effect that there was a The State of Bihar mistake. of fact with regard to the allegation of Basa;,;;; Singh black-marketing and that the case should be entered as· false-" mistake of fact ". This report . was sups. [{, Das J. ported by the Inspector of· Police,. J~hanabad, and • accepted by the Sub-divisional Magistrate on October· -19, 1951. The respondent denied tha~ he ever demanded any bril;!51 from either of the two ~foresa.id persons or that he had;aqcepted as a bribe ten currency notes from. Bhagwan Das and Parmeshwar Prasad on December 9, 1951. It was suggested that the officers did not actually see what had happened on the steps of the verandah and were d<:ilqded into thinking that nine currency notes were recovered from him and, with re~ard to the crumpled note found on the verandah, it was suggested that Bhagwan Das might have planted it, when he bowed down before the respondent .. The learned Special Judge accepted the prosecution evidence as trustworthy and rejected the defence as unworthy of credence. . . . . . Against his conviction the respondent filed an appeal to the High Court and the learned single Judge, who heard the qppeal, acquitted the respondent on the main groμnd that there was no independent witness to support the testimony of the " raiding party " consisting of the twri. bribe-givers~ Bhagwan .Das and Parmeshwar Prasad, and the two Magistrates and the police officer, namely, Mukherji, Sahai and Misra., The. learned.Judge referred to th~ decision of this Court in Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh v. $tate of Vindhya Pradesh(1), amt he expressed the view that that decision laid .. ..- down an invariable rule that in cases of.this nature the testimony of, those witnesses who · forn;i what is called the "raiding par.ty" must. be c]_iscarcted, unless that testimony is corrobo:rated by,, inGl.ependent witnesses. He then posed the question,if there were any .independent witnesses in the present.case, and observed- " There are ,no indepeqdent witnesses on the transactoon itself.. It was submitted,1 however, that there (1) [l954)S c R. IQ98,. a6t • . . . ' •• • 202 SUPREME COURT REPORT& [1959] I9SB are search witnesses and they are independent; indeed Th S - 1 3 .1 they are. But they have proved nothing except this e late o i :ar h h v. t at at t e quarters of the appellant a ten-rupee note Basaw:m ·Singh crushed was found and a few other articles. They did not prove the transaction nor they were present at the s. K. Das J. time of the occurrence itself. The prosecution case depends for all practical purposes on the evidence of the witnesses who are members of the raiding party." • . •• • The principal questions which fall for decision in this appeal are: (1) whether the le~rned Judge is right in his view that the· decision in Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh (1), lays down any universal or inflexible rule that the testimony of witnesses who form the raiding party must be discarded, unless corroborated by independent witnesses; (2) if not, what is the correct rule with regard to such testimony in cases of this nature; and (3) whether the learned Judge is right in his vi~w that there is no independent corroboration of the testimony of the witnesses of the raiding party in the present case. But before we consider these three questions, it is advisable to dispose of the findings of fact which have been affirmed on appeal or arrived at by the learned Judge. In his judgment the learned Judge ha~,observed: " The first point to be determined in this case is whether Bhagwan Das was in fact, arrested in connection with the case under the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act. 1'hat has been well proved and it has not been challenged. It is also established that the appellant did arrest Bhagwan Das as well as Mahabir Prasad and that on that very day Bhagwan Das was released. It is also well established that Bhagwan Das .had gone to Mr. Mukherji at Patna and related an incident and as a result of that a trap ..._ was laid and on the alleged date of occurrence the , three officers, namely, Mr. Mukherji, Mr. Sahai and Mr. Misra, had gone to the Arwal police station followed by the Gorkha Police. H is also well established/that the appellant on the date of occurrence r. was in his quarters and that it is also established beyond doubt that Bhagwan Das and Parmeshfvar were with the appellant in his quarters that ev;ening . .\•) r•9.l4) S.C.R. 1098, • .. S.O.R. ~UPREME COURT REPORTS 203 It is also established that the three officers were just r95s near the quarters of the appellant and they were dress- Th 5 -- . ed in dhotis, kurtas, etc., like "dehaties". It is further e tata of Bihar established that the appellant was caught by Mr. Misra Basaw:~ Singh and Mr. Sahai and in his possession were found the nine notes of Rs. 10 each and that it was established s. K. Das J. that one Rs. 10 note was found in the verandah of the • quarters. It is, therefore, not necessary to discuss the evidence on these points because, as I have said, these facts are well established and admitted/ before me in the course of the argument." I It is fairly obvious from the observations quoted abov~ that the learned Judge accepted the testimony of the witnesses of the raiding party as to the essential parts of the prosecution case and in particular, their evidence to the effect that nine initialled notes of Rs. 10 · ea•ch were found in the possession of the respondent ; this finding which is tantamount to accepting the prosecution case as correct militates against his later - observation that in the absence of independent corroboration, he cannot accept the testimony of the witnesses of the raiding party. We say this without meaning any disrespect, but the learned Judge perhaps thought that the witnesses of the raiding party were intrinsically trustworthy and gave true evideilce, yet he based1his order of acquittal on what he thought was the effect of the decision in Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh (1), namely, the adoption of an inflexible rule, in the words of the learned Judge~ " that the evidence of the raiding party is necessarily tainted ............ and on their evidence alone, it would be difficult to carry the guilt home " to the respondent. In two respects on• questions of fact, the learned Judge expressed a ,,.-' view different from that of the trial Court : first, with · - regard to the motive or reason for the bribe and secondly, with regard to the purcha~e of 7 maunds 10 seers of wheat, without payment, between the dates October 26, 1951 to·N0vember 30, 1951. As to motive, the 1learned Judge reforred to the circumstance that the/respondent had already submitted·a final report on ' /(1) [1954] S.C.R. 1098. '· • ~. .... • '"'. 204 SUPREME COURT 'REPORTS, [1959) '958 October 8, 1951, which was accepted by the Sub-divine State of Bihar sional Magistrate _on October 19, and, therefore, there ,,_ was no case pendmg against Bhagwan Das and MahaHasaw"" Singh bir Prasad and the motive for the bribe could not be what was alleged by the prosecution. The learned s. K Das J. Judge then indulged in a highly speculative finding to the effect that the "possession of the nine notes can be reasonably explained by the fact that his (the present • respondent's) advice was sought for a land dispute between the relations" (moaning th .. reby the two Magistrates and the Deputy Superintendent of Police who posed as relations of Bhagwan Das). This line of reasoning adopted by the learned Judge completely overlooks certain salient facts and circumstances on which the trial Courtfhad relied. The trial Court had •. found, on the evidence given· in the case, that Bhagwan Das had no information that the case against hi'ln had ended in a final report; besides the wheat seized had not been released and Mahabir Prasad naturally wanted the wheat back. Then, again, there was nothing to prevent the respondent from demanding a bribe even after the submission of a final report, saying that he would. otherwise harass Bhagwan Das and Mahabir Prasad, and, lastly, it was nobody's case, nor wM there any evidence in support of it, that the nine notes were accepted by the respondent for giving legal advice in a land dispute. The suggestion of a land dispute was made to allay a~y suspicion as to the presence of Mukherji, Sahai and Misra, who were dressed , • • ... as ordinary villagers ; none 'of the witnesses said that the nine notes were paid for advice in connection with a la;nd dispute. The respondent himself did not suggest that he had accepted nine notes for givlhg legal advice; his case was that no notes were found on .... , him. In this state of the evidence the learned Judge - · was clearly in erPor in holding that the motive for the bribe was something other than what was alleged by the prosecution. His finding on this point is based on no evidence and is mere speculation. As to the 7 maunds and 10 seers of wheat, the learned Judge found that the prosecution had f10t satisfactorily proved that the respondent was supplied . ' • • • ) S.C.R. S\)'PREME COURT REPORTS 205 with wheat without payment. The trial Cour~/pointed 7, r958 out, however, that at least two of the entries in then 51 -;-1 s·;. sale register of Bhagwan Das (Ex. 10/10 and II/II) '" a :. 0 ' ar stood in the name of the respondent, and it was not Basawan ;;ingh the respondent's case that he had pa.id fort~ wheat referred to in the two entries. Whatever be tft·e~correct s r<. Das J. finding with regard to the sale or supply of these •7 maunds and 10 &eers of wheat, we agree with the trial Court that the prosecution case is not essentially or vitally dependent ~n the sale or supply of 7 maunds 10 seers of wheat·free of cost to the respondent. The charge against the respondent is the acceptance of Rs. 100 as a bribe from Bhagwan Das and Parmeshwar Prasad on December 9, 1951. That charge does not necessarily depend upon the truth or othervise of the supply of 7 maunds ·and 10 seers of wheat between certain earlier dates. Having dealt with the findings of fact, we proceed now to consider the principal questions which arise in this appeal. We take first the decision in Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh (1). It is not necessary to recapitulate all the facts of that case; it is sufficient to state that in the trap that was laid in that case, the most important witness was one Nagindas who offered the sum of Hs. 25,000, and the two important witnesses of the· raiding party were Pandit Dhanraj, Superintendent, Special Police Establishment, Delhi, and Shanti Lal Ahuja, Additional District"Magistrate, Delhi. Nagindas, who was acting on· behalf of his master Sir Chinubhai did not have the money to offer as a bribe, a.nd the money was provided by the police authoritieswhich money was offered by Nagindas in that ca'se. The• first point for consideration in the case was /whether Nagindas and one Pannalal, who was also a • servant of Sir Chinubhai and who accompanied Nagindas, were accomplices and, there'fore, their evi- • dence should be treated on that basis. This was answered in the nega:tive, on the ground that neither of them was a willing party to the giving of the bribe and, therefore, they did not have the necessary criminal ,_ntent to be treated as abettors or accomplices. (I) [1954] S.C.R. 1098. '· . • ... • • 206 SUPHEME COUHT HEPOH~S [1959] '958 This brings out the first distinction which has to be 1 i,, 51,,1, of Bihar made : ~he distinction between a witness who is an v. accomplice and one who is not. How the evidence of liasaovan Singh an accomplice is to be treated is no longer open to any doubt; tb.e matter has been dealt with in a large nums. I\. Das l her of .. ' II " S.C.R. SliPREME COURT REPORTS 207 that no such rule can be laid down ; for the value of r95ll the testimony of a witness depends On diverse factors, Th rt-t - 1 B'h h h fh . h e.oato tttr such as, t e c aracter o t e witness, to w at extent v. and in what manner he is interested, how he has fared Basawan s'ingh in cross-exa.mination, etc. There is no doubt that the testimony of partisan or interested witnesses must be s. K. Das J. scrutinised with care and there may be cases, as in •Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh's case (1), where the Court will as a matter of prudence look for independent corroboration. It is wrong, hGwever, to deduce from that decision any universal or inflexible rule that the evidence of the witnesses of the raiding party must be discarded, unless independent corroboration is available. 'Vith regard to the other two witnesses, Pandit Dhanraj and Shanti Lal Ahuja, it was observed that the former was a willihg tool in the hands of N agindai", and• the latter reduced himself to the position of a . police witness ; therefore, their evidence " was not such as to inspire confidence in the mind of the Court ". Here again no universal or inflexible rule is being laid down. It should be noticed that in Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh' s case (1) the police authorities provided the money, and that was taken into consideration in assessing the value' of th\:l testimony of Pandit Dhanraj a~ Shantilal Ahuja. In ·the case before us, no such consideration arises, because the money was provided by Bhagwan Das and Parmeshwar Prasad, and the officers went there to see what happened. We must make it clear that we do not wish it to be understoqd that we are deciding in this case that if the money offered as a bribe is provided by somebody other than the bribegiver_. it makes a distinction in principle. That question does not arise for decision here. All that we say and _/have said so far is that in assessing the value of the testimony of a witness, diverse factors must arise for consideration and the comparative importance of this or that factor must depend on the facts or circumstances of each case. • No standard higher or stricter than this can be laid down, or was laid down in Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh's decision (1). · We must advert here to two other aspects of that decisiOn.· It Wits observed there in clear and emphatic (1) (195.J.S.C.R. 1098., • • ... • • 208 SUPREME COURT REPOR~S [1959] r958 words that it is the duty of the police authorities to T ' " - . prevent crimes being committed ; but it is no part of '" ~late of Bi/Jar th . b . t 'd th . t t f th av. err usmess o prov1 e e ms rumen s o e ouence. Basowan Singh vVith these observations we are in agreement. In t Brannan v. Peek (1), a police officer went inside a public s. K. Das J. house and mad~ a bet on a horse, which act amounted to an offence. The motive in making that bet was to detect the offence under the Street Betting Act, 1906: which was being committed by the accused person in that case. In these circumstapces, Goddard C. J. made the following observations: "I hope the day is far distant, when it will become a common practice in this country for police officers to be told to commit an offence themselves for the purpose of getting evidence against someone". We also express the same hope for our country, but must hasten to add that in the case before us no offence was committed by any of the i:hree officers, Mukherji, Sahai and Misra, in order to get evidence against the respondent. This point was again emphasised in a later decision of this Court in Ramjanam Singh v. The State of Bihar ('). It was therein observed: • "The very best of men have moments of weakness and temptation, and even the worst, times when they repent of an evil thought and are given an inner strength to set Satan behind them ! and if they do, whether it is because of caution, or because of their better instincts, or becaus~ some other has shown them either the futility or the wickedness of wrongdolng, it behoves society and the State to protect them and help them in their good resolve; not to place further temptation in their way and start afresh a train of criminal thought which had been finally set aside. This it the, type of case to which the strictures of this Court in ... "-. Shiv Bahadur Singh v. State of Vindhya Pradesh, A.LR. 1954 S.€. 322 at p. 334 apply." The other aspect of the decision in Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh's case (3) is the employmeRt of Magistrates as witnesses of police traps. Here again, we are in full agreement with the view that the independence and impartiality of the judiciary requires that Magist'rates (1) [1947] 2 All E.R. 572. (2) A.LR. 1956 S.C. 643, 651. (3) [1954] S.C.R. 1098. • ·' • , • - ... • ' S.C.R. SJJPREME COURT REPORTS 209 whose normal function is judicial should not be relegatI958 ed to the position of partisan witnesses :ind ".requir:d The Sta-;;~ Bihar to depose to matters transacted by them m their official v. ·capacity unregulated by any statutory rules of proceBasawan ~ingh dure or conduct whatever". At the same time it is necessary to make some distinctiolls. In a large part s. K. Das J. of the country now, the directive principle laid down in •Art. 50 of the Constitution has been implemented, and there has been a separation of the judiciary from the executive. The prin.ciples on which the employment of Magistrates as witnesses of police traps has been condemned have hardly any application where the Magistrates concerned are executive Magistrates who perform no judicial functions or where the officers concerned are officers of the Anti-Corruption Department whose duty it is to detect offenc~s of corruption. In the case before us, Mukherji and Misra belonged to such a department. Moreover, however inexpedient it may be to employ Magistrates as trap witnesses, their evidence has to be judged by the same·standard as the evidence of other partisan or interested witnesses, and the inexpediency of empl6ying Magistrates as trap witnesses cannot be exalted into an inflexible rule of total rejection of their evidence, in the absence of independent corroboration. The learned Solicit01'- General referred in the course of his arguments to the difficulty of detecting corruption cases and of securing conviction in such cases. We do not think that such a consideration should influence the mind of a judge~ Whatever be the difficulties, admissible evidence given in a case must be judged on its own merits, with due regard to all the circumstances of the case. In-Some of the cases which have been cited at the /'!Jar a distinction has been drawn between two kinds of - 'traps'-legitimate and illegitimate-as In re M. S. Mohiddin (1), and in some other cases a distinction has · been made between tainted evidence of an accomplice and interested testimcmy of a partisan witness and it has been said that the degree of corroboration necessary is higher in respect of tainted evidence than for partisan (r) ·f1952) Cr.L.J. 1245. •· • ... • • • 210 SUPREME COURT REPORT~ [1959] 1958 evidence (see Ram Chanil, Tolaram Khatri v. The Tl 51 -, - 1 B'h State (1) ). We think that for deciding the questions " a~. 0 ' "'before us, such distinctions are so mew hat artificial, BasOOJan Singh and in the matter of assessment of the value of . evidence and the degree of corroboration necessary to s. K. Das J. inspire confidence, no rigid formula can or should be laid down. - • For the aforesaid reasons, we think that the learned• Judge of the High Court did not correctly appreciate the effect of the decision in Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh's case (') and he was in error in thinking that that decision laid down any inflexible rule that the evidence of the witnesses of the raiding party must be discarded in the absence of any independent corroboration. The correct _ rule is this : if any of the witnesses are accomplices who. are particeps criminis in respect of the actual crime charged, their evidence must be treat~d as the evidence of accomplices is treated ; if they are not accomplices but are partisan or interested witnesses, who are concerned in the success of the trap, their evidence must be tested in the same way as other interested evidence is tested by the application of diverse considerations which must vary from case to case, and in a proper case, the Court may even look for independent corroboration before convicting the accused person. If a Magistrate puts himself in the position of a partisan or interested witness, he cannot claim any higher status•and must be treated as any other interested witness, This brings us to the last question : if in the present case, there is any independent corroboration. We have pointed out that the two search witnesses J anki Sao and Ganesh Prasad (prosecution witnesses 4 :tnd 5) were independent witnesses, who had nothing to de" with the raiding party. TheY. found one crumpled - ten-rupee note, one of the series initialled by Mukherji and the numbers of which were noted in the statements • of Bhagwan Das and Parmeshwa.r Prasad, at the southwestern corner of the verandah, where the respondent when seized by the raiding party tried to throw. away the notes. In our view, the evidernJe of the two gearch (1) A.I.R. 1956 Born. 287. (2) [1954) S.C.R. 1098. • • ., • , S.C.R. ~UPREME COURT REPORTS 211 witnesses does provide independent corroboration, in a x958 material particular, to the testimony of the raiding Th 5 1 B"h 1 f h . t'fi d e late o 1 ar party. The crump ed note, one o t e series tes I e v. to by the raiding party, could not come of itself to the Basawan Singh verandah ; it could be found where it was actually found only if the testimony of the raiding party was true. s. K. Das J. The learned Judge said that the search witnesses came ·later and did not see the actual transaction, that is, the giving and taking of the bribe. That is correct ; but independent co:Proboration does not mean that every detail of what the witnesses of the raiding party have said must be corroborated by independent witnesses. As was observed by Lord Reading in Baskerville' s case (1) even in respect of the ,evidence of an accomplice, all that is required is that there must be " sqme additional evidence rendering it probable that . the story of the accomplice is true and that it is reasonably safe to act upon it". In Rameshwar v. The $tate • of Rajasthan (2), to which we have referred in an earlier paragraph, the nature and extent of corroboration required, when it is not considered safe to dispense with it;have been clearly explained and it is merely necessary to reiterate that corroboration need not be by direct evidence that the accused committed the crime; it is sufficient even though it is merely by circumstantial evidence of his connection with the crime. While referring to the findings of fact we have pointed out that the learned Judge himself accepted as correct the prosecution case in its essential parts. There is in our opinion no difficulty in accepting the testiJ:nony of the raiding party in this case, supported .as it is by the independent testimony of the two search ,, ' witnesses. Learned counsel for th<;i respondent :ii.as urged before us, as a last resort, that we should not exercise the extraordinary jurisdiction vested in this Court by Art. 136, in a case of acquittal by the High Court, unless exceptional or special circumstances are shown ~ to e~ist or substantial and grave injustice has been · J done. He has drawn attention to our decision in The , .• (1) [1916] 2 K. lil. 658. ,. (2) [1952] S.C.R. 377, 385. • - • • • 212 SUPREME COURT REPORT~ , [1959] I95s State Government, Madhya Pradesh v. Ramkrisl11na n, 51.-;,-;,1 Bihar Ganpatrao Liinsey and oth_er s (' ). In this case, t_he • v. learned Judge accepted as correct all the essential Basawa11 Singh facts constituting the offence with which the respondent was charged, but he passed an order of acquittal s. K. Das J. on a misconception as to the effect of a decision of this Court. We have no doubt whatsoever that this is a fit case for the exercise of our jurisdiction under Art.