# STATE OF ORISSA AND ORS v. HARINARAYAN JAISWAL AND ORS

- **Citation:** [1972] 3 S.C.R. 784
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1972-03-14
- **Bench:** l(. S. HEGDE, P. Jaganmohan Reddy
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/state-of-orissa-and-ors-v-harinarayan-jaiswal-and-ors-5614
- **Pages:** 12

## Headnote

Bihar and Orissa Excise Act, 1915 "" amended upto October 6; 1970,
Ss. 22 and 29-Scope of--Order made under s. 29 giving
power to
Governmen~ to accept or reject bid without assigning any retJSon-1/
violative of Arts. 14 and 19(1) (g)-Power of Government lo sell
the
privi'fege of selling country liquor by private negotiation-Scope of.-
The first respondellt was carrying on business of selling country liquor.
In exercise of the powers conferred by s. 29(2) of the Bihar and Orissa
Excise Act, 1915, the appellant issued an Order and in pursuance of
that Order a date was notified for selling by public auction the exclusive
privilege of <oiling by retail,. country liqudr in 8 ~hops. The respon.
dent was tl1' highest bidder but his bid was rejected because the Gov·
ernment was of the view that inadequate prices had been offered as
a
result of collusion between the bidders.
Thereafter, tenddrs were called
for and the appellant accepted the tender in respect of one shop and
rej!cted the others a• it was o.gain of the opinion that the price offered
was inadquate. Thereafter, the remaining 7 shops were sold by private
negotiation for substantially higher prices.
A writ petition filed by .the respondent in tho High Court was allowed
mainly on the ground that the power confered on the Goveirnment by
cl. (vi) of the Order, that no sale sh"11 be deemed to be !Ina! unless
confirmed by tho State who shall be at liberty to accept or rejjoct without
assigning any reason, was an unguided power violative of Arts. 14 and
19(1) (g).
Allowing the apP''"l to this Court,
HELD : (I) Section 22 of tht Act confers power on thi: Govern·
ment to grant to any person on such cpnditions and for such period
as it J11ay think fit the exclusive privilege of selling in retail country
liquor; afld s. 29 empowers the Govemi:nent to accept payment in consijeration of the grant either by calling. teiiders or by auction or other-
,vise as it may by general order direct.
The powers conf,erred on the
State Governmen.t by ss. 22 and 29 are absolute.
The Government
Cannot be said to have conferred on itself arbitmry power under cl. (vi)
of its Order,/assed under s. 29(2), because, the power that the Government ·reserve for itself under th.at clause is nothing more than what was
conferred on it by the Legislature under the sections. Since the validity
of the sections was not challenged the validity of the Order could not
also be challenged. [792 B·FJ
(2) Even otherwise, one of the important purposes of selling the
exclusive right to §ell liquor in wholesale or ~tail· is to raise revenue;
and excise revenue forms an important part of every State's reVenue.
The Government is a guardian of the finances of the Stale and is expected
to protect its financial interests.
The fact that the prices fetched by the
sale of the privilege to sell country liquor is an· excise revenue does not
change the nature of the right in the G<>Vemment.
Therefore,
the
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ORISSA v. HARi NARAYAN (Hegde, J.)
785
legislature has empowered the Government to se~ that there is no leakage
in the revenue. It was for the Government to OOcide whether the price
offered in an auction is a<k!quate and the conclusion readhed by ihe
Government does not affect anyone's rights. [793 D-F; 794 F-0]
(3) Public auctions are held to get the best possible price and there
is no completed contract till the bid is
accepted.
There is,
therefore,
no basis for contending that the owner of the privileges who
had
offered to sell them cannot decline to accept the highest bid if he thinks
that the price offered' is inadequate, and, it makes no difference that the
Government was the seller. [.793 G-H; 794 AJ
( 4) If the Government is exclusive owner of the privileges, the respondent could not rely on Art. 14 and 19{1)(g), because; citizens cannot have any fundamental right to trade or carry on business in the
properties or rights belonging to Government, nor can there be any infringement of Aft. 14 if Oover

## Text

784
STATE OF ORISSA AND ORS.
v.
HARINARAYAN JAISWAL AND ORS.
March 14, 1972
(l(. S. HEGDE AND P. JAGANMOHAN REDDY, JJ.]
Bihar and Orissa Excise Act, 1915 "" amended upto October 6; 1970,
Ss. 22 and 29-Scope of--Order made under s. 29 giving
power to
Governmen~ to accept or reject bid without assigning any retJSon-1/
violative of Arts. 14 and 19(1) (g)-Power of Government lo sell
the
privi'fege of selling country liquor by private negotiation-Scope of.-
The first respondellt was carrying on business of selling country liquor.
In exercise of the powers conferred by s. 29(2) of the Bihar and Orissa
Excise Act, 1915, the appellant issued an Order and in pursuance of
that Order a date was notified for selling by public auction the exclusive
privilege of <oiling by retail,. country liqudr in 8 ~hops. The respon.
dent was tl1' highest bidder but his bid was rejected because the Gov·
ernment was of the view that inadequate prices had been offered as
a
result of collusion between the bidders.
Thereafter, tenddrs were called
for and the appellant accepted the tender in respect of one shop and
rej!cted the others a• it was o.gain of the opinion that the price offered
was inadquate. Thereafter, the remaining 7 shops were sold by private
negotiation for substantially higher prices.
A writ petition filed by .the respondent in tho High Court was allowed
mainly on the ground that the power confered on the Goveirnment by
cl. (vi) of the Order, that no sale sh"11 be deemed to be !Ina! unless
confirmed by tho State who shall be at liberty to accept or rejjoct without
assigning any reason, was an unguided power violative of Arts. 14 and
19(1) (g).
Allowing the apP''"l to this Court,
HELD : (I) Section 22 of tht Act confers power on thi: Govern·
ment to grant to any person on such cpnditions and for such period
as it J11ay think fit the exclusive privilege of selling in retail country
liquor; afld s. 29 empowers the Govemi:nent to accept payment in consijeration of the grant either by calling. teiiders or by auction or other-
,vise as it may by general order direct.
The powers conf,erred on the
State Governmen.t by ss. 22 and 29 are absolute.
The Government
Cannot be said to have conferred on itself arbitmry power under cl. (vi)
of its Order,/assed under s. 29(2), because, the power that the Government ·reserve for itself under th.at clause is nothing more than what was
conferred on it by the Legislature under the sections. Since the validity
of the sections was not challenged the validity of the Order could not
also be challenged. [792 B·FJ
(2) Even otherwise, one of the important purposes of selling the
exclusive right to §ell liquor in wholesale or ~tail· is to raise revenue;
and excise revenue forms an important part of every State's reVenue.
The Government is a guardian of the finances of the Stale and is expected
to protect its financial interests.
The fact that the prices fetched by the
sale of the privilege to sell country liquor is an· excise revenue does not
change the nature of the right in the G<>Vemment.
Therefore,
the
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ORISSA v. HARi NARAYAN (Hegde, J.)
785
legislature has empowered the Government to se~ that there is no leakage
in the revenue. It was for the Government to OOcide whether the price
offered in an auction is a<k!quate and the conclusion readhed by ihe
Government does not affect anyone's rights. [793 D-F; 794 F-0]
(3) Public auctions are held to get the best possible price and there
is no completed contract till the bid is
accepted.
There is,
therefore,
no basis for contending that the owner of the privileges who
had
offered to sell them cannot decline to accept the highest bid if he thinks
that the price offered' is inadequate, and, it makes no difference that the
Government was the seller. [.793 G-H; 794 AJ
( 4) If the Government is exclusive owner of the privileges, the respondent could not rely on Art. 14 and 19{1)(g), because; citizens cannot have any fundamental right to trade or carry on business in the
properties or rights belonging to Government, nor can there be any infringement of Aft. 14 if Oovernment tries to ~t the best available price
for its valuable rights.
Further there is no inherent right in a citizen to
sell intoxicating liquor by retail. [793 A; 794 A-Bl
Coverjee B. Bharucha v. The Excise Commissioner and the Chief
Commissioner, Ajmer and Ors., .[1954] S.C.R. 873 and Union of India
and O>S. v. M/s. Bhimsen Walaiti Ram, [I970] 2 S.C.R. 594, followed.
( 5) Assuming that the question of arbitrary or unguided power can
be raised it should be remembered that the power to accept or reject
the highest bid is given to the highest authority in the State, n=Iy,
the Govel1lment, which is expee'/;ed to safuguard
the finances of the
State and it is not a case of delegated power but of pawer conferred by
the Legislature.
While accepting or rejecting a bid Government is per·
forming an executive function and the correctness of its conclusion is
not open to Judicial review where the power is not used for any colla·
teral purpose. [793 F; 794 C-El
( 6) The real conclusion of the Government was that the price fixed
\.\'as inadequate and hence High Court erred in thinking that the Gov·
emment was bound to satisfy the Court that ·there
was
collusion between the bidders. [794 E-F]
Barrium Chemicals Ltd. a11d Anr. v. Co1npany Law Board and Ors.
[1966] Supp. S.C.R. 311 and Rohtas Industries Ltd. v. S. T.
Agarwal,
[1969] I S.C.C. 325 referred to.
(1) The Government was not precluded, having had recourse to the
auction method once, from
either calling for tende'rs or
selling by
n"gotiations.
Once the Government declines to ·accept the highest bid
or the tender price offered, the government was free to have recourse to
other methcxls.
The power given to the Government to seU in such
other manner as it thinks fit is a very wide and unrestricted power and inc]udes wit
1~in it the power to sell the privilege by private negotiation.
[795 A-BJ
(8) The Government is not required by s. 29(2) (a) to make an order
thal the privilege will be sold by private negoitation, since, it makes
no sense to require Government to first make an .order that it is going
to negotiate.
The section only s.ays that the State Government 'm-:iy
by general or special order direct' and the direction contemplated is one
to subordinate officials and not to itself. [795 D-F]
CNIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION:
Civil Appeals Nos. 2024
_ and 2025 of 1972.
786
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1972] 3 S.C.R.
C. K. Daphtary, R. C. Misra, Advocate-General for the State
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of Orissa, Santosh Chatterjee and G. S. Chatterjee, for the appellants (in both the appeals).
M. C. Setalvad and Vinoo Bhagat, for respondent No. 1 (in
C.A. No. 2024 of 1971).
Vinoo Bhagat, for respondent No. I (in C.A. No. 2025 of
8
1971).
The Judgment oi the Court was delivered by
Hegde, J. These appeals by certificate raise common questions
of law for decision.
The questions of law arising for decision c
can be more conveniently brought out if the material facts are first
set out.
It is sufficient, if we refer to the facts in Civil Appeal
No. 2024 of 1971.
.The 1st respondent in Civil Appeal No. 2024 of 1971 is carrying on the business of selling country liquor. In pursuance of the
order made by the State of Orissa, the Excise Commissioner notified
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on January 8, 1971 that the exclusive privilege of selling by retail
the country liquor in the eight specified shops in the Cuttack Dis·
trict for the period from April 1, 1971 to March 31, 1972'will be
sold by public auction on February 15, 1971 and on the following
days.
The auction was accordingly held oil the notified day. The
1st respondent was the highest bidder for those eight shops. His
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bids were provisionally accepted by the Collector su1Jject to confir.
mation by the Government.
The Government rejected those bids
being of the view that inadequate price had been offered as a result
of collusion between the bidders. It ordered the Excise Commissioner to call for tenders in respect of those shops. .After the
tenders were duly received, the Government accepted the tender
in respect of one shop and rejected the other tenders as it was again
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of the opinion that the price offered was inadequate.
Thereafter
it sold the seven shops by negotiating with some of the tendeters.
The price ultimately' fetched was substantially more than that
offered either at !he auction or as per tenders.
Thereafter the 1st respondent moved the High Court of Orissa
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under Art. 226 of the Constitution for a direction to the Govern·
ment to confirm his bids and cause the necessary licences to be
issued to him.
Various pleas were taken in support of the relief
asked for. Such of them that were pressed before us . will be
referred to later.
The Government resisted that application. 'l1le
High Court came to the conclusion that the Government had no
power to refuse to confirm the bids of the highest bidders except
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on good grounds and the ground that had commended itself to the
Government for refusing to confirm the bids were irrelevant. It
ORISSA v. HARi NARAYAN (Hegde, J.)
787
A also opined that the absolute power conferred on the Government
to confirm or refuse to confirm the highest bids with.out giving any
reason was an unguided power and consequently violative of Arts.
14 and 19 ( 1 ) ( g) of the Constitution. The High Court was further
of the opinion that monetary considerations were irrelevant for
deciding the question whether the highest bid should be confirmed
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or not.
Aggrieved by that decision, the State of Orissa has come
up in appeal.
Before proceeding to pronounce on the co.ntentions advanced
at the hearing, it is convenient to set out the relevant provisions
of law as well as the orders passed by the Government under s. 29
C of the Bihar a.nd Orissa Excise Act, 1915
(as amended upto
October 6, 1970) (to be hereinafter referred to as the Act). The
preamble to the Act reads :
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"Whereas it is expedient to amend and re-enact the
law in the Province of Bihar and Orissa relating to the
import, export, transport, manufacture, possession, a.nd
sale of certain kinds o{ liquor and intoxicating drugs;
And whereas the previous sanction of the Governor.
General has been obtained, under section 5 of the Indian
Councils Act, 1892, to the passing of this Act;
It is hereby enacted as follows : "
Section 22 deals with the grant of exclusive priviJege of manufacture and sale of country liquor or intoxicating drugs.
To the
extent it is material for our present purpose, it reads :
"The State Government may grant to any person, on
such conditions and for such period ·as it may think fit,
the exclusive privilege-
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
( e) of manufacturing and supplying wholesale and
selling retail, any country liquor or intoxicating
drug within any specified local area :
Provided that public notice shall be given of the
intention to grant any such exclusive privilege, and that
a.ny objections made by any person residin~ within the
area affected shall be .considered before · an exclusive
788
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[ 1972] 3 S.C.R.
privilege is granted."
Sub-s. (2) says : ''No grantee of any privilege under
sub-s. ( 1) shall exercise the same unless or until he has
received a license in that behalf from the Collector or
the Excise Commissioner."
Section 29 deals with payment for grant of exclusive privilege.
It reads :
" (I) Instead of or in addition to, any duty leviable
under this Act, the State Government may accept payment of a sum in consideration of the grant of any exclusive privilege under section 22.
(2) The sum payable under sul:i;-s. (1)
shall be
determined as follows :
(a) by calling tenders or by auction or otherwise as
the State Government may, by general or special
order direct; a.nd
(b) by such authority and subject to such control as
may be specified in such order."
Excise revenue is defined in s. 2(9) :
" "Excise-revenue" means revenue derived or derivable from any duty, fee, tax, payment other than a fine
imposed by a Criminal Court or confiscation imposed or
ordered under this Act or any other law for the time
being in force relating fo liquor or intoxicating drugs 11Ild
includes any payment to be made to the State Government under s. 29."
In exercise of the powers conferred by s. 29(2) of the Act,
the State Government issued an order on January 6, 1971 directing
that any sum payable under the aforesaid section for grant of the
exclusive privilege of manufacturing and selling 1:fy retail of country
liquor shall, unless otherwise directed by the State Government, in
any particular case or cases for any reason, be determined by auction to be held in accordance with the procedure specified below :
" ( i) the dates and centres for the auction shall be fixed
and notified by the Excise Commissioner with the
prior approval of Government and the Collector
shall then issue notice for auction and give wide
publicity to the same in such manner as he considers necessary, 15 days before the date fixed for
commencement of the auction;
(ii) the
auction shall determine tlie ·amount of
monthly consideration money and shall ordinarily
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be conducted by tbe Collector and in his absence
by tbe Additional District Magistrate;
Provided that tbe State Government may
depute an officer from head-quarters to aid and
advise the officer conducting such sales;
(iii) the officer conc4icting the auction may satisfy
himself as to the solvency of any bidder and may
not allow a person of doubtful solvency or a
person to whom grant of a licence for retail sale
of any intoxicant is prohibited under
Orissa
Excise Rules, 1965 to offer bids in the auction;
(iv) the officer conducting tbe
auction shall be at
liberty to close the auction if he is satisfied that
tbere has not been sufficient or fair compeiition
in which case he may publicly adjourn the auction
to a specified hour on the followtng day or on
some other convenient day to be notified by him
in the auction hall;
( v) the highest bid in an auction shall ordinarily be
accepted provisionally by tbe Collector subject
to confirmation 1:fy the State Government and in
case where the officer conducting the auction
refuses to accept the highest bid a's offered, he'
shall record the reasons for such non-acceptance
and shall repori forthwith tbe same to the Excise
Commissioner for further action after receipt of
advances from the highest bidder;
(vi) when any bid in an auction for an exclusive privilege or privileges is provisionally accepted by the
Collector, the bidder shall deposii two months'
consideration money as an advance deposit which
will bie refunded in case the provisional acceptance is not confirmed by the State Government.
No sale shall be deemed to be final unless confirmed by the State Government who !!l\all be at
liberty to accept or reject any bid without assigning any reason therefor;
(vii) no licence for any exclusive privilege shall be
granted until acceptance of the bid is confirmed
by the State Government;
(viii) when any bid in an auction for any exclusive
privilege is provisionally accepted but the advance
deposit is not paid, the exclusive privilege shalf
789
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1972] 3 S.C.R.
be put to reauction as soon as possible at the
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risk and loss of the defaulter;
(ix) all bids in an auction shall be offered by the
bidder in person or by his agent legally authorised for the purpose."
As mentioned earlier in pursuauice of the above order the
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Collector held an auction in respect oi the shops mentioned ei:rlier.
The highest bidder had made the necessary deposits.
But the
Government did not accept his bids.
On March 7, 1971, the Gover.nment issued the following order :
"Whereas for' determining the s'ums payable for the
grant of exclusive privilege of manufacturing and selling
by retail of country liquor auction had been held in the
district of Cuttack in accordauice with the procedure laid
down in the order of the Government of Orissa in the
Excise Department No. S.R.O. 12/71, dated the 6th
January 1971;
Whereas due to collusive bids among the bidders at
the said auction it is not possible to determine the said
sums in the aforesaid manner;
Now, therefore, in exercise oi the powers confer~ed
by sub-section (2) of Section 29 of the Bihar and Orissa
Excise Act, 1915 (Bihar and Orissa Act 2 of 1915)
read .with the Order No. S.R.0. 12/71, dated the 6th
January, 1971, the State Government do hereby direct
that the procedure for determining the aforesaid sum in
respect of the gra,nt of exclusive privilege of manufacturing and selling by retail of country liquor in the local
areas specified in the Sch~ules I for the year 1971-72
shall be as laid down in' Sehedule Ir hereofSCHEDULE I
SCHEDULE II
1. The sum payable under sub-section (1) of Section 29 of the said Act for grant of exclusive privilege
of manufacturing and selling by retail of country liquor
in the aforesaid local areas shall be determined by the
-:Excise Canunissioner by cailing tenders which may be
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ORISSA v. HARi NARAYAN (Hegde, J.)
for individual local area or for lots of such area as the
Excise Commissioner may consider proper;
2. Tender notice shall be issued by the Excise Com·
missioner and published in the Notice Board of his office
the Cuttack Collectorate and the offices of Sub Divisional
Officers in that district and shall also be widely published in such manner as the Excise Commissioner considers
necessary.
3. The tender notice shall, among other things,
mention that it is open to the State Government not to
accept any tender or to order for calling fresh tenders or
otherwise for such reason as they deem proper in the
public interest;
4 to 8:
791
9. The Excise Commissioner shall prepare a list of
all the tenders received and submit the list with
his
recommendations of any particular tender with sufficient
reasons alongwith the tender papers to the State Govern· .
ment for approval.
The tenderers whos~ tenders have
been recommended for acceptance shall deposit two
month's consideration money as an advance deposit which
will be refunded in case their tenders are not approved
by Government.
10.
"
As mentioned earlier, the Government accepted the tender in
respect of only one shop and sold the exclusive privilege to sell
country liquor in other shops by negotiation.
Before us the writ petitioners did not challenge the validity of
any of the provisions in the Act; possibly in their own interest.
They are not interested in raising any contention which might
vitiate the auctions held.
The contentions urged on behalf of the
writ petitioners have to be examined in the background that the
provisions of. the Act are not contended to be invalid.
One of the contentions taken on behalf o[ the writ petitioners
was that the power retained b!y the Government "to accept or to
reject any bid without assigninJ!: any reason therefor" in cl. ( 6)
of the order made by/1he Government on January 6, 1971 in
exercise of its powers under s. 29(2) of the Act was an arbitrary
power and therefore it is violative ol Arts. 14 and 19(1 )( g). This
contention lras been upheld by the High Court. It was urged on
behalf of the writ petitioners that they have a fundamental right
to carry on trade or business in country liquor.
That right can
792
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
( 1972 J 3 S.C.R.
be regulated only by imposing reasonable restrictions in the interest
o_f the general pupli~. Restrictions imposed by the order in quesl!on cannot be considered as reasonable restrictions in the interest
of the general pubilic.
It was further urged that the power ;etained
by the Government to accept or to reject the highest bid without
assignin,g any reason is an unguided power and hence it is violative
of Art. 14.
These contentions were accepted by the High Court.
To us, none of these contentions appear to be well founded.
As
seen earlier s. 22 of the Act confers power oo the Government to
grant to any person on such conditions and for such period as it
may think fit the exclusive privilege of selling in retail any country
liquor.
Section 29 empowers the Government to accept payment
of a sum in consideration for the grant of any exclusive privilege
under s. 22 either by calling tenders or by auction or otherwise
as it may by general or special order direct.
The powers conferred on the State Government by s. 22 and s. 29 are absolute
powers.
As seen earlier, the validity of those provisions has not
been challenged before us.
Under s. 29(2) the Government had
power to dispese of any of the exclusive privileges mentioned in
s. 22 either by calling for tenders or by auction or otherwise as it
may by general or special order direct.
That ~ing the amplitude
of the power of the Govermnent, we tail to see how the Government can be said to have conferred on itself arbitrary power under
clause (6) of its order made on January 6, 1971, when it pmvided
that :
"No sale shall be deemed to be final unless confirmed
by the State Government who shall be at liberty to accept
or reject any bid without assigning any reason therefor."
The power that the government reserved for itself under that
clause is nothing more than what was conferred on it by the legislature under s. 22 and s. 29 of the Act.
It is not possible to
challenge the validity of the order made without challenging the
validity of s. 29 itself.
It is true that this Court has ruled that the right to trade in
intoxicating drugs is also a right to carry on any trade or business
within the meaning of Art,,L9(1)(g)-see Krishna Kumar Narula
v. Jammu Kashmir State and ors(').
At the same time, it was
held by this Court ln Cooverjee B. Bharucha v. The Excise Commissioner and the Chief Commissioner, Ajmer and ors.(') that
for determining reasonable restrictions within the meaning of Art.
19(6) of the Constitution on the ri~ht given under cl. 19(1)(g~,
regard must !::¢ had to the nature of the business and the conditions prevailing in a particular trade; State has power to prohibit
trades which are illegal or immoral or injurious to the health and
(I) [1967] 3 S.C.R. 50.
(2)
[1954] S.C.R. 873.
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ORISSA v. HAR! NARAYAN (Hegde, J.)
793
welfare of the public and there is no i.nherent right in a citizen to
sell intoxicating liquors by retail.
In that .case the court held
that the provisions in ti\e Excise Regulation I of 1915 purporting
to regulate trade in liquor in all its different spheres are not
invalid. It was fuvther held in that case that the charge of licence
fee by public auction is more in the nature of a tax than a licence
fee though it is described as a licence fee.
One .of the purposes
of the Regulation is to raise revenue.
Revenue is collected by
the grant of contracts to carry on trade in liquor and these contracts are sold by auction.
The grantee is given a licence on
payment of the auction price. The Regulation specially authorises this.
The decision in Lala Harichand Sarda v. Mizo District
Council and anr. (1) relied on by the writ petitioner does not bear
on the point under consideration. It deals with power to gra.nt
or refuse to grant licence to trade in some ordinary commodity
under Lushai Hill Distt. Regulation.
Even apart from the power conferred on ·the Government
under ss. 22 and 29, we fail to see how the power retained by the
Government under cl. (6) of its order dated"' January 6, 1971
can be ·considered as unconstitutional.
As held by this Court in
Cooverjee Bharucha's case (supra), one of the important purpose
of selling the exclusive right to sell liquor in wholesale or. retail
is to raise revenue.
Excise revenue forms an important part of
every State's revenue.
The Gove11IlUlen~ is the guardian bf the
finances of the State. . It is expected to protect ·the financial
interest of the' State.
Hence quite naturally, the legislature has
empowered the Government to see that there is no leakage in its
revenue.
It is for the Government to decide whether the price
offered in an auction sale is adequate. ~While accepting or rejecting a bid, it is merely performing an executive function.
The
correctness of its conclusion is lllOt open to judicial review.
We
fail to see how the plea of contravention of Art. 19(1) (g) or
Art. 14 can arise in these cases.
The Government's power to
sell the exclusive privileges set out in s. 22 was not denie4. It
was also not d1spu
,
,
. ..
s cou~ ¥ sold ~y public
aucfion.
Public auctions are held to get the est poss1 le price.
Once these as ectS are recognised, there a
ars to be no basis
for conten mg t at t e owner o
e pnv1 eges Ill question w o
had offered to sell them cannot decline to accept the highest bid
if be thinks that the price offered is inadequate.
There is no
concluded contract till the bid is accepted.
Before there was a
concluded contract, it was open to the bidders to "'.ithdraw the_ir
bids-see Union of India and ors.
v.
M/s. Bh1msen Wa(aitl
Ram('). By merely giving bids, the bid~~rs had not acquired
any vested rights.
The fact that the Government was the seller
(1}
[1967] l S.C.R. 1012.
(2) [1970] 2 S.C.R. 594.
794
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1972] 3 S.C.R.
does not change the legal position once its exclusive right to deal
with those privileges is conceded.
If the Government is the exclusive owner of those privileges, reliance on Art. 19( I )(g) or
Art. 14 becomes irrelevant.
Citi:ziens cannot have any fundan:iental right. to trade or carry on business in the properties or
nghts bfelongmg to the Govemment, nor can there be any infringement of Art. 14, if the Government tries to get the best available
price for its valuable rights.
The' High Court was wholly wron"
in thin~ng that purpose of ss. 22 and 29 o{ the Act was not t~
raise revenue. Raising revenue as held by this Court .jn Cooverjee
Bharucha's case (supra) was· one of the important purposes of
such provisions.
The fact that the price fetched by the sale of
·Country liquor is an excise revenue does not change the nature
of the right.
The sale in question is but a
mode of raising
revenue.
Assuming that the question of arbitrary or unguided
power can arise in a case of this nature, it should not be forgotten
that the power to accept or reject the highest bid is given to the
highest authority in the State i.e. the Government which is expected to safeguard the finances of the State.
Such a power cannot be considered as an arbitrary power.
If that p.ower is exercised for any collateral purposes, the exercise of the power will
be struck down. It may also be remembered that herein we are
not dealing with a delegated power ~t with a power conferred
by the legislature.
The High Court erroneously thought that the Government was
bound to satisfy the Court that there was collusion between the
bidders.
The High Court was not sitting on appeal against the
order made by the Government.
The inference of the 9overnment that there was a collusion among the bidders may be right
or wrong.
But that was not open to judicial review so long as
it is not proved that it was a make-believe one.
The real opinion
formed by the Government was that the price fetched was not
adequate.
That conclusion is taken on the basis of Government
expectations.
The conclusion reached by the Government dces
not affect any one's rights.
Hence, in our opinion the High Court
misapplied
the ratio of the decision of this Court in Barium
Chemicals Ltd. and anr. v. Company Law Board and ors.(') and
Rohtas Industries Ltd. v. S. T. Agarwal(').
· It was next urged that having had recourse to the auction
method once, the Government was precluded from either calling
for tenders or to sell by negotiation.
The High Court has. accepted that contention.
We are unable to agree with the High Court
in its conclusion.
Nei,ther the provisions of the Act nor the order
issued by the Government lend any support to such a conclusion.
(I) [1966] Supp. S.C.R. 311.
(2) [1969] t s.c.c. 325.
A
B
c
D
E
F
G
H
OR!SSA v. HARi NARAYAN (Hegde, J.)
795
A Once the Government declines to accept the highest ~d, the auction held became useless.
Similar is the effect when the Government refused to accept the highest tender.
That left the Government free to have recourse to other methods.
The power given
to the Government by the Act to sell the exdusive privilege in
such other manner as it thinks fit is a very wide power.
That
B
power is unrestricted.
It undoubtedly includes the power to sell
the privileges in question by private negotiation.
It was urged that before adopting the method of selling the
privileges by private negotiation.
The Government is required by
s. 29(2) (a) to make an order that the privileges in question will
c be sold by private negotiation.
The Government has failed
to make such an order.
Hence the sales effected are invalid. We
are unable to accept these contentions. ln the cases of public
auctions or, .in the case of calling for tenders, orders from the
Government directing its subordinates to notify or hold the auctions or call for tenclers is understandable.
Public auctions as
well as calling for tenders are done by subordinate officials.
D Further due publicity is necessary in adoptin~ those methods. To
require the Government to make an order that it is going to sell
one or more of the privileges in question biy negotiating with some
one is to make a mockery oi the law. If the Government can
enter into negotiation with any person, as we think it ca.n, it makes
no sense to require it to first make an order that it is going to
E
negotiate with that person.
We must understand a provision of
law reasonably.
Section 29(2)(a) does not speak of any order.
It says that "the State Government may by general or special order
direct".
The direction contemplated by that provision is a direction to subordinate officials.
It is meaningless to say that the
Government should direct itself.
F
In the result these appeals are allowed and the writ petitions
dismissed.
No costs.
V.P.S.
Appeals al/owed ..