# STATE OF ORISSA & ANR v. N. N. SWAMY & ORS. ETC

- **Citation:** [1977] 2 S.C.R. 774
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1977-01-27
- **Case number:** Civil Appeals Nos. 1357-58 of 1975
- **Bench:** P. K. Goswami, P. N. Shinghal
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/state-of-orissa-anr-v-n-n-swamy-ors-etc-7107
- **Pages:** 8

## Headnote

Constitution of India, Article 16-Private college taken over by State Governmem-Absorption of stafj--Consideration of eligibility for appointmelll as·
Readers-Differentiation betwun similarly situated Readers on ground of drawing salary of Rs. 600/- or more on date of take over, whether a111011111s to denial
of equal opporllmity for employmelll under Art. 16.
The respondents were working as Readers in Khallikote College, a private:
institution which was taken over by the Orissa Government on March 9, 1971.
A Government circular containing conditions governing taking over the services·
of the teaching staff of Khallikote College, was issued on March 23,
1971,
whereby the respondents were appointed as. lecturers in class II temporarily on
ad hoc basis for a period of six months. At the end of this period, the names
of those. Readers who were drawing a salary of Rs. 600/- or more per month·
on the date of take-over, were recommended to the Public Service Commission
for the determination of their suitability for
appointment as Readers.
The
respondents and others who were drawing less than Rs. 600/- were not considered eligible for such recommendation.
Their writ petition against the deniat
of equal opportunity under Art. 16 was accepted by the High Court.
Dismissing the appeals by special leave the Court,
HELD:-The condition of drawing of Rs. 600/- or more on the date
of
takinii over, wlaich has been laid down in the circular as a particular qualification·
for eligibility for appointment as Reader and later for consideration of their
suitability by the Public Service Commission for appointment as Reader,
is
arbitrary and discriminatory.
It has no nexus with the object underlying
the·
qualification test in an educational institution having regard to the most essential cendition of intrinsic quality and efficiency of the teachers, and results in
denial of equal opportunity to the respondents in the, matter of employment'
under the Government under Art. 16 of the Constitution. [719 C-D, F-G]
The General Manager Southern Railway v. Rangachari [1962] 2 SCR 586;.
referred.
Smt. Juthika Bhattacharya v. The State of Madhya Pradesh and Otiiers:
[1976] sec 96, distinguished.

## Text

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774
STATE OF ORISSA & ANR.
v.
N. N. SWAMY & ORS. ETC.
January 27, 1977
[P. K. GOSWAMI AND P. N. SHINGHAL, JJ.]
Constitution of India, Article 16-Private college taken over by State Governmem-Absorption of stafj--Consideration of eligibility for appointmelll as·
Readers-Differentiation betwun similarly situated Readers on ground of drawing salary of Rs. 600/- or more on date of take over, whether a111011111s to denial
of equal opporllmity for employmelll under Art. 16.
The respondents were working as Readers in Khallikote College, a private:
institution which was taken over by the Orissa Government on March 9, 1971.
A Government circular containing conditions governing taking over the services·
of the teaching staff of Khallikote College, was issued on March 23,
1971,
whereby the respondents were appointed as. lecturers in class II temporarily on
ad hoc basis for a period of six months. At the end of this period, the names
of those. Readers who were drawing a salary of Rs. 600/- or more per month·
on the date of take-over, were recommended to the Public Service Commission
for the determination of their suitability for
appointment as Readers.
The
respondents and others who were drawing less than Rs. 600/- were not considered eligible for such recommendation.
Their writ petition against the deniat
of equal opportunity under Art. 16 was accepted by the High Court.
Dismissing the appeals by special leave the Court,
HELD:-The condition of drawing of Rs. 600/- or more on the date
of
takinii over, wlaich has been laid down in the circular as a particular qualification·
for eligibility for appointment as Reader and later for consideration of their
suitability by the Public Service Commission for appointment as Reader,
is
arbitrary and discriminatory.
It has no nexus with the object underlying
the·
qualification test in an educational institution having regard to the most essential cendition of intrinsic quality and efficiency of the teachers, and results in
denial of equal opportunity to the respondents in the, matter of employment'
under the Government under Art. 16 of the Constitution. [719 C-D, F-G]
The General Manager Southern Railway v. Rangachari [1962] 2 SCR 586;.
referred.
Smt. Juthika Bhattacharya v. The State of Madhya Pradesh and Otiiers:
[1976] sec 96, distinguished.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 1357-58 of
1975.
(Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated
4-2-1974 of the Orissa High Court in 9.J.C. No. 410/1971).
M. K. Ramamurthi and B. Parthasarathi, for the appellants.
Gobind Das, N. V. Rama Das and G. Narayana Rao, for respondents 1-8 in CA 1357/75.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
GoswAMI, J.-These appeals by special leave are directed against
the judgment of the Orissa High Court of February 4, 1974.
There was a private college known by the name of
Khall~kotei
College. This is an institution which grew out of a school establtshed
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ORISSA v. N. N. SWAMY (Goswami, J.)
7'75
'in 1856.
Thei management had to meet with financial cns1s 111
the
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past and obtained financial help iri the shape of liberal endowment
under a trust deed froni the then zamindar of Khallikote. The institu-
.tion, it is stated, became one of .the premier colleges in the town of
. Behrampur, Ganjam District, Orissa. The College was at first affiiiated to the Andhra- University at Waltair· and thereafter to the Utkal
University, and since 1967 it has been affiliated to the Behrampur
University.
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The Government of Orissa took over the management of the
College on and from March 9, 1971, and a· formal agreement was
executed between the managing committee of the College and the
Governor of the State.
The College was taken over by the Government in pursuance of the unanimous resolution of the nianaging· committee of February 18, 1970, and the transfer to the Government was
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of all the assets of the College ·but without any liability. The managing committee continued to be liable for the outstanding liabilities, if
any, of the College for which Government was not liable,
The·
College after the take over was ."administered as a
Government
College.
· ·
The eight writ petitioners in the High Court (Respondents' herein) were working as Readers in different faculties in the said College
.on the date of the aforesaid transfer in the
scale of pay Rs. 510-·
860/- whereas the Government scale for Reaaets was Rs. 6001000/-. On the date of take over, namely, March 9, 1971, each of
the respondents was drawing a salary somewhere less than Rs. 600/-;
three of them less by only Rs. 30/-.
The material particulars of the ten Readers of the College who
were all earlier in private employment, including the eight Respon-
<dents, are as follows (Annexure I, Volume II of the Paper Book) :
:SI.
Name
Date of
Date of
Date of Col)firmed Pay as on
No.
Birth
Ist
promoas
9-3-1971
appoint
ti on
(date
of
ment
take over)
l. Sri N. N. Swamy
18-3-34
21-7-58
1-12-68 Reader
Rs.
570/-
2. Sri N. Satapathy
6-9-33
July'59
27-1-70 Reader
Rs.
540/_
3. Sri P. Haridas
10-3-36
25-10-61
25-10-69 Lecturer
Rs.
540/-
:4. Sri J.J. Rao
16-3-36
7-7-59
1-7-68 Reader
Rs .
540/-
5. Sri K.C. Samantra
5-7-70 Lecturer
All the posts are permanent
'6. Sri G.J.
~hineswar
.
Rao
30-9-31
3-9-57
1-10-67 Reader
Rs.
570/-
7. Sri
Ch. Chandra
Sekhar Patro .
1-7-35
1-8-58
1-1-57 Reader
Rs.
570/-
8. Sri Narayana Behera
1-10-37
2-8-62
13-9-70 Lecturer
Rs.
510/.
9. Sri T.K. Satyanmurty
1~-9-27
1-7-49
4-5-59 Reader
Rs.
660/-
10. Sri V.S.R. Gupta
28-12-30
1-7-52
4-9-69 Lecturer Rs.
600/-
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7.76
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1977] 2 S.C.RIt will appear that five Respondents out of eight were confirme~
as Readers prior to the take over. Three Respondents were confirme~
as Lecturers but were promoted as Readers prior to the transfer of the
College.
The last two Readers in the list who were lucky to draw
salary of the amount of Rs. 660/- and Rs. 600/- respectively as on
the date of take over, were treated differently by the Government from
the eight Respondents on the sole ground that they were drawing as
Reader salary of more than Rs. 600/-. It is rather poignant that the·
tenth Reader in the list was only a confirmed Lecturer \\hereas, as.
already shown, five of the Respondents were confirmed Readers al-·
though drawing salary less than Rs. 600/-.
On July 36, 1970, the Government prescribed qualifications for
appointment as a Reader by a Circular of that date addrcs,ed to the
Director of Public Instructions
(Higher Education)
Orissa, which
appears to ·supersede the earlier circulars on the subject. It was stated
in that circular that the "Government have been pleased to order that
following principles shall henceforward be followed in the appointment
of Readers, namely,
..
(a) no officer who has not had at least 8 years of teaching
experience as a Lecturer would be eligible for consideration; and
(b) the post of Reader shall originally be filled. up by promotion subject to the satisfactory performance and conduct
of the officer as a lecturer" .
On March 23, 1971, the Government issued a circular containing
conditions governing taking over the services of the teaching staff of
the College.
Paras 4 and 5 of that circular, which are material for
our purpose, may be quoted :
"4. Tlie State Government shall offer ad hoc appointment to all staff inposition on the date of take over subject
to para 5, and sub-para (d) of this paragraph for a period
not exceeding six months in each case, treating all such staff
as fresh entrants to Government service. The final absorption of such staff in Government service shall be subject to
the following conditions·:
x
x
x
x
x
(b) ·That after termination of services of surplus personnel, the cases of staff retained in Class I and
Class II shall be referred to the Orissa Public service Commission! for determination of their suitability to hold posts in Class I or II as the case.!fiay be.
The services of those who are not found suitable by
the P.S.C. (Public Service Commission) shall also
be terminated by giving one month's notice in each
case. Those found suitable by the Commission shall
be finally absorbed in respective Trade of the O.E.S.
(Orissa Education Service) for which they are found
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ORISSA v. N. N. SWAMY (Goswami, J.)
suitable. It is hereby clarified that at the time of
reference to the P.S.C. for determination of suitability
for appointment as Readers, cases of .Lecturers of
Government College,
eligible for. appointment as
Reader.s shall .also be simultaneously referred to the
P.S.C. for consideration against those posts.
x
x
x
x
x
(c) While making reference to the P.s.C ....... cases
777
of those ad hoc Readers who would have been normally entitled to pay of less than Rs.
600/- per
month on 9-3-71 by. application
of the formula
"minimum of the scale of pay of Readers in force
in the Colleges .on the date of their appointment as
such by the Ex-Managing Committee plus one. increment in that scale for every completed year of
service upto 9-3-71" would be referred for determination of their suitability for absorption as Lecturers
only.
x
x
x
x
x
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5. Ad hoc appointment shall be issued to all P.rofessors
and such of the Readers in position, who on the date of
take-over were in receipt of pay of Rs. 600/- per .month or
more, in the scale of pay Rs. 600-1000/- against posts of
Readers. Readers who on the date of take over were in
receipt of pay of less titan Rs .. 600/7 per month and all
lecturers in position on that date shall be given ad hoc
appointment against the post of lecturers in
the scale of
Rs. 260-780/- with effect from the date of .take over".
x
x
x
x
x
Basing on the
aforesaid provisions
of the above circular the
Director of Public Instructions sent .on April 20, 1971, to each of the
Respondents appointment. letters wherel:iy
they were. appointed · as
Lecturers in Class II temporarily on ad hoc_ basis for a period of six
months with effect from the forenoon of. March 9, 1971, or till the
appointment is made in consultation with the Orissa Public
Service
Commission,
whichever is
earlier,
subject to verification of
character and antecediw.ts and production of medical fitness certificate. Appointments were, thus, offered to the Respondents under the
terms and conditions of take over which have been already extracted.
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The grievance of the Respondents is that although they had all the
requisite qualifications for the appointment as Reader and they were
all holding the. posts of Reader before the take over and five qf them
were even confirmed Readers but since under the aforesaid terms of
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the take over they were drawing .a salary of less than Rs. 600/- on
the date of take over, their names were not referred to the Public
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778
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1977] 2 s.c.R.
Service Commission for consideration of their suitability for appointment as Readers in the Government College. It is not disputed that
they are otherwise educationally and by experience qualified for
the
post of Reader. The High Court found that the requirement of eight
years of teaching experience, as mentioned above, which is needed for
appointment as a Reader is more than amply fulfilled by each of the
Respondents.
The High Court accepted the Writ Petitions and held
that the Respondents were entitled to consideration by the Public
Service Commission for appointment as
Readers and hence these
appeals by the State which are confined only to the above question.
It is submitted by Mr. Ramamurthi on behalf of the appellants
that the High Court erred in directing the Government to take into
account, as ex~erience, the service oil the Respondents while they
were in the pnvate college since,
according to him,
the necessary
qualification is eight years experience in Class II, Orissa Education
Service (0.E.S.). This submission is based on the Orissa Education
Service Class I (Recruitment to the College Branch)
Rules, 1971,
issued on July 19, 1971, produced for the first time in this Court. It
is submitted ihat since the Respondents have not completed eight
years of service in the O.E.s. Class II (Lecturer's grade) in Government service, they are not entitled to be considered by the Public Service Commission for appointment as
Readers.
We are unable to
accept this submission. based on these Rules. These Rules of July 19,
1971, were not produced in the High Court and the reason is obvious
that tliese were not relied upon by the State in connection with the
appointment of the Respondents as
Readers after the College had
been taken over by the Government on Mar.::h 9, 1971.
The argument has, therefore, to be supported on the intrinsic "strength of the
circular of March 23, 1971.
Apart from this, there is a stronger reason not to entertain this
submission at this stage.
Even in the Special Leave Petition filed by
the State on July 15, 1974, there was no mention whatsoever about
the aforesaid Rules and necessarily no ground was taken in the
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Petition on the basis of these Rules. Being conscious of this position
Mr. Ramamurthi filed a Civil Miscellaneous Petition No.
4069 of
1976 before this_Court on April 30,
1976, to urge
this additional
ground.
After' hearing Mr. Ramamurthi we rejected this prayer for
urging the additional ground by such a belated application when the
High Court had no opportunity to consider the question.
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The only question, therefore, which requires
decision ih these
appeals is_whether the Respondents were denied equal opportunity
under Article 16 of the Constitution in the matter of appointment as
Readers under the Government in the manner laid down in t11e circular
of March 23, 1971.
TI;e following facts are admitted :
The Respondents and two others,
namely, T. K.
Satyanmurty
(No. 9) and V. S. R. Gupta (No. 10) in the list (Annexure I) were
all Readers in the private College, each having put in more than eight
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ORJSSA v. N. N. SWAMY (Goswami, J.)
779
years of service there as a Lecturer. T. K. Satyanmurty was promoted
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as Reader on 4-5-1969 and was drawing Rs.
660/-
on the date of
taking over.
V. S. R. Gupta was promoted as Reader on 4-9-1969
and was drawing Rs. 600/-, the minimum according to the aforesaid
Government circular, on the date of taking over.
He was not even
confirmed as a Reader . but was .only confirmed as a Lecturer.
Amongst the Respondents, N. N.
Swamy (No.
1), N. Satapathy
(No. 2), J. J. Rao (Nn. 4), G. J. Chineswar Rao (No. 6) and Ch.
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Chandra Sekhar Patro (No. 7) in the list
( Annexure 1)
were confinned as Readers and four of them were promoted even earlier than
No. 9 and No. 10. It is .thus clear that the conditiun o[ drawing of
Rs. 600/- or more on the date of taking over, which has been laid
down in the said circular as a particular qualification for eligibility for
appointment as Reader and later for consideration o[ their suitability
by the Public Service Commission for appointment as Reader, is arbiC
trary and discriminatory.
This condition has no
nexus,
whatever,
with the object underlying the qualification test in an
educational
institution having regard to the most
essential condition of intrinsic
quality and efficiency of the teachers. It is not unknown that private
institutions generally have great handicaps in the matter of finance
and oftener the teaching staff in a private college has not the same
scales of pay and sometimes even has much lower scales than that of
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the Government colleges.
It is one thing to lay down appropriate
educational and intelligibly relevant qualifications for certain posts in a
college and also teaching experience of a specified duration but complete ignoration, without valid reason, of the teaching experience of
a lecturer in a private college, otherwise qualified, on the sole ground
of drawing a particular amount of salary on a particular date cannot
be countenanced. T. K. Satyanmurty (No. 9) was
promoted as
a
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Reader while in the private college much later than the four of the
Respondents (Nos. 1, 4, 6 and 7 in Annexure I). He happened to
draw Rs. 660/- on the date of take over, while the Responde_nts were
drawing a little lower pay.
The former was preferred and given the
ad hoc appointment of a Reader and was held as eligible for consideration by the Public Service Commission fer
appointment. as
Reader and the claims of the Respondents were igncred.
Thus even
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amongst the Readers in the private college,
similarly situated,
the
only ground for ignoring the claims of the said Respondents was drawing of a lesser pay, even though it may be less by Rs. 30/-, on March
9, 1971. This ground for a most unreasonable differentiation in picking anrl choosing from among~ the employees similiirly situated <Jn
an absolutely artificial and irre~vant consideration results in denial of
equal opportunity to the Respondents in the matter of
employment
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under the Government under Article 16 of the Constitution.
It is well-settled that under Article 16(1) of the Constitution
matters relating to employment not only mean the initial appointment
but also include all matters relating to employment, whether prior or
subsequent to the employment and also include promotion, (See The
General Manager, Southern Railway v. Rangachari(').
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[1962] 2 SCR 586
2-206SCI /77
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780
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1977] 2 S.C.R.
Our attention was drawn to a
decision of this Court in Smt.
luthika Bhattacharya v. The State of Madhya Pradesh and Others('),
on behalf ojf the appellants, wherefrom it was pointed out that Government could validly impose comparatively stringent qualifications
for posts in schools taken over from private management, since persons there may be appointed without the requisite experience as
needed in Government schools.
That case is entirely different from
the present case. There may be no difficulty in accepting the position
that Government can screen the teachers· at the time of fresh appointment in Government service after taking over any institution from private management.
The educational qualifications and
teaching experience which ma}' be insisted upon may be appropriately stringent
having regard to the quality of education which Government intends
to impart in the college after taking over the same .from the private
management.
If the quondam private employees in the College did
not fulfil the qualifications, experience and other requisite conditions,
they may not be eligible for appointment since Government may not
undertake to take over all the employees by maintaining the billabong
of a status quo a;;te. Such a, position, if taken by the Govern.."Uent, is
consistent with implementation of a correct edm;ation3l policy and
will not incur the frown of Article 16 of the Constitution. The question is entirely different when, as in the present case, the Respondents
answering the test of educational qualifications, as well as, experience
of teaching in a recognised private college are discriminated amongst
the very category of Readers on an irrational and illusory consideration.
Denial of an opportunity to these Respondents even for being
considered for the post of Reader is clearly violative of Article 16 of
the Constitution.
When a fairly wall-recognised institution, as in this case, run for
more than a century, is completely taken over by the Government for
management, it is not merely, taking over the land and buildings, tables
and chairs. It has !o tackle, at the same time, a human problem, that
is to say, the fate of the teachers and the staff serving that institution.
The institution, with which we are concerned, was
taken over, by
consent: -aS a going educational concern and it goes without
saying
that it must be administered on sound lines having regard to quality,
efficiency and progress in all respects. It is understandable that the
employees had to join the new service under the Government, for the
first time, and so could be, in that sense, fresh entrants. But to say
that the teaching experience of the Readers in the pnvate institution
is completely effaced to the extent that they will not be even eligible,
on the plea of absence of teaching experience in Guvernment service,
for consideration for appointment as Readers is a seriously grim issue.
We feel assured that such an argument had not been c:mvassed by the
State it!_ the High1 Court on the basis of the Rules of July 19, 1971,
since these Rules came into force after the take over for which a separate circular had already been issued to take care of the special exigency.
Action under the Government circular of March 23, 1971,
alone, was in controversy in the High Court. The said circular took
recognition of the service in the private college in the case of two
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ORISSA v. N. N. SWAMY (Goswami, J.)
is 1
Readers (Nos. 9 and 10 in Annexure I). The only differentia was,
therefore, the salary drawn by the Readers on the date of take over.
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That action pased on the salary aspect under the said circular had to
stand the test of Article 16 i!l- the High Court, as well as, before us .
the argument in favour of complete erasion of the past teaching
.experience in the private college, first time presented before us, fails
to take note of the distinction between eligibility and suitability. Eight
years' teaching experience in a college and the fulfilment
of other
~equisite qualifications make a person eligible for
appointment as a
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Reader, but whether he is suitable for selection for the post is an
entirely different matter.
We are, therefore, clearly of opinion that all the Respondents arc
eligible to- be referred to the Public Service Commission for the post
·of Reader. Their names shall be referred to the Commission, accordingly.
Whether they will be suitable for appointment as Readers will
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be a matter entirely for due and proper consideration of the Public
'Sen·ice Commission whose recommendations will be considered by tl;e
Government in the matter of final absorption.
The High Court was
right in allowing the above claim in the writ applications. The appeals
fail and are dismissed with costs.
M.R.
Appeals dismissed.