# \ . STATE OF U.P. / v. I;>R. G. K. GHOSH September 21, 198~ - **Citation:** [1983] 3 S.C.R. 993 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1983 - **Case number:** Criminal Appeal No. 1237 of 1979 - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/state-of-u-p-v-i-r-g-k-ghosh-september-21-198-8420 - **Pages:** 18 ## Headnote I \ . STATE OF U.P. / v. I;>R. G. K. GHOSH September 21, 198~ (S. MURTAZA FAZAL ALI, A, VAllADARAJAN AND M. P. THAKKAR JJ.] ' Evidence-Re-appreciation of evidence by the Supreme Court in an appeal " by Spe~ial Leave-Article 136 of the Constitution read with Order XXI. Witnesses-Evidence of the complainant Probative value of. Prevention, of <:;__orruption Act,- 1947-Pollce officer leading the raiding party-Not an interested witness. Respondent was an orthopaedic surgeOn in the U.H.M. Hospital and was incharge of the Orthopaedic Departtnent. IIe. was allotted an official· residence within tlie campus of the hospHal and as per the prevailing· rules he was permitted consultation practice at his residence, He was found guilty Of demanding and accepting illegal gratification from the father of a patient under his treatment at the hospital and Was convicted for an· offence under section 5(1) (d) of the Prevention of Coriuption Act,· 1947 and for an offence under section 161 of the Penal Code by the Special Judge, Kanpur. Consequently he was sentenced to undergo to two years' rigorous imprisonment and to pay a fine of Rs. 5,000 (in default to· undergo 4 months' R.I.) Tlie appeal preferred by the convict was allowed and the order of conviction and sentence was set aside by-the High Court. Hence th~ appeal by State, by special leave. Allowing the appeal, restoring the finding of guilt, and order of conviction, but modifying the sentence, the Court, HELD: (1) Only in exceptional cases and in .the peculiar facts and circumstances of a case, the Supreme Court would be obliged, as in the instant case, to undertake upon itself the function of appreciation of evidence 1 which function properly falls within the sphere of the High Court in its capacity as the appellate•Court. Here, the High Court resorted to surmises and conjectures for which there was not the ·slightest basis. The iligh. Court failed to undertake the exercise of scrutinising, and making assessment" of the evidence and failed to record a finding of fact in after considering the question of reliability and credibility_of t!J_e witnesses anR. G. K. GHOSH September 21, 198~ (S. MURTAZA FAZAL ALI, A, VAllADARAJAN AND M. P. THAKKAR JJ.] ' Evidence-Re-appreciation of evidence by the Supreme Court in an appeal " by Spe~ial Leave-Article 136 of the Constitution read with Order XXI. Witnesses-Evidence of the complainant Probative value of. Prevention, of <:;__orruption Act,- 1947-Pollce officer leading the raiding party-Not an interested witness. Respondent was an orthopaedic surgeOn in the U.H.M. Hospital and was incharge of the Orthopaedic Departtnent. IIe. was allotted an official· residence within tlie campus of the hospHal and as per the prevailing· rules he was permitted consultation practice at his residence, He was found guilty Of demanding and accepting illegal gratification from the father of a patient under his treatment at the hospital and Was convicted for an· offence under section 5(1) (d) of the Prevention of Coriuption Act,· 1947 and for an offence under section 161 of the Penal Code by the Special Judge, Kanpur. Consequently he was sentenced to undergo to two years' rigorous imprisonment and to pay a fine of Rs. 5,000 (in default to· undergo 4 months' R.I.) Tlie appeal preferred by the convict was allowed and the order of conviction and sentence was set aside by-the High Court. Hence th~ appeal by State, by special leave. Allowing the appeal, restoring the finding of guilt, and order of conviction, but modifying the sentence, the Court, HELD: (1) Only in exceptional cases and in .the peculiar facts and circumstances of a case, the Supreme Court would be obliged, as in the instant case, to undertake upon itself the function of appreciation of evidence 1 which function properly falls within the sphere of the High Court in its capacity as the appellate•Court. Here, the High Court resorted to surmises and conjectures for which there was not the ·slightest basis. The iligh. Court failed to undertake the exercise of scrutinising, and making assessment" of the evidence and failed to record a finding of fact in after considering the question of reliability and credibility_of t!J_e witnesses an offered by the complainant, it would n.ot be reasonable.to expect the police officer to go to ·the length of concocting a false seizure memo for prosecuting and humiliating him merely in order to save the face of the complainant, thereby Compromising his own . conscience, The court may therefore, depending on the circumstances of ·a cas'e, feels safe in accepting the prosecution verson on the basis of the oral evidence of t~e complainant and the police officers' even if the trap witnesses turn hostile or are found not to be independent. When therefore- bcei:des such evidence thefe is circumstantial evidence which is consistent with the guilt of the accused and not consistent with his innocence, there should be no difficulty in upholding the prosecution case. The present appears to be a case of that nature. . . . [1002 D·HJ · - .l. J I .. u.P. STATE v. G.K. GHOSH (Thakkar, J.) 995 3;2. In the instant case, taking an overall view of the evidence of PW 1, PW 2, PW·3 and the circumstantial evidence, it is not possible to belieVe that the raid proved abortive and yet everyone conspired together in order to falsely ·rope in the respondent. [1009 F] CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 609 of I 981. Appeal by Special leave from the judgment and Order dated the 22nd July, 1983 of the Allahabad High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 1237 of 1979. 0. P. Malhotra and D. Bhandari for the Appellant. V. M. Tarkunde, U. R. La/it, Dr. B. S. Chauhan and B. B. Singh, for the Respondent. · ·The Judgment of the Court was delivered by THAKKAR, J. A doctor in a Government Hospital was found guilty of demanding and accepting illegal gratification from the father .Qf a patient under his treatment at the Hospital and was convicted for an offence under Section 5 (I) (d)· of Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947, and for an offence under Section 161 of Indian Penal Code by the Special Judge, Kanpur. The appeal preferred by the convict, Dr. Ghosh was allowed, and the order of conviction and sentence was set aside by the High Court. The State has called into question the said order of acquittal rendered by the High Court in this appeal by special leave. A B c D E F The High Court allowed the appeal on forming the op1mon that Dr. Ghosh (the respondent herein) might have demanded and accepted the amount as and by way of his professional fees inasmuch . as a Government doctor was permitied to have private p,actice of his own as per the relevant rules, though such was not his defence at any stage. G Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case, even the learned counsel for the respondent is unable to support the reasoning which found favour with the High Court. The respondent H accused had not offered any such explanation in his statement recorded llnder Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. In (act the defence of the respondent before the Sessions Court was that· A B c D E F G H 996 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1983) 3 s.c.R. he had never accepted any such amount from PW 3 Babu Lal. It was his case that the story regarding passing of the currency notes was concocted and that he bad not accepted any currency notes· from PW 3, as alleged by the prosecution. According to him be bad been .'framed'. What is more, i!. is obvious that if the respondent had accepted monetary consideration in respect of a patient being treated at the Government hospital, it could scarcely have been contended that it was a part of permissible private practice and not iilegal grati• fication. · The High Court resorted to surmises and conjectures for which there was not the slightest basis, apart fro!ll the fact that no such defence was taken and no such plea was ever advanced by the , respondent accused. Under the circumstances the decision of the High Court cannot be sustained on the basis of the reasoning which found favour with it. The finding of guilt, recorded by the Sessions Court, will therefo;e have to be examined afresh on merits, since the High Court has altogether failed to undertake the exercise of scrutinizing.'and making assessment of the evidence. If only the High Court had performed this_ function, as usual, and had recorded its finding in regard to the question of reliability and credibility of. witnesses, and, after weighing the probabilities, and takhig into account the circumstantial evidence, .had recorded a finding of fact, as it was expected to do, we ·would not have been obliged to undertake this function which properly falls within the sphere of the High Court in its capacity as the appellate court. · As it is, in the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case, we have no option put to do so here. The prosecution case broadly stated is as under : Respondent was an Orthopaedic Surgeon in the UHM Hospital at Kanpur. He. was incharge of the Orthopaedic Department In his capacity as a Government Medical Officer he was allotted an official residence within the campus ofthe Hospital. As per the then prevailing rules he was permitted consultation practice at his residence in the evening. One Kumari Ramsri, 13 years old daughter of PW· 3, Babu Lal, a worker employed in a parachute factory as a packer, was suffering from- bone T. B. and was, admitted to the UMH Hospital on 18th February 1976. She was referred to the Ortho· paedic section on 19th February 1976. She was placed under the treatment of respondent Dr. Ghosh. After about six or seven days respondent asked PW 3 to remove the patient from the hospital saying that she was cured. PW ~ objected saying tharthe condition of his child had not improved. The respondent a3ked PW 3 to see \ - .• .. U.P. STATE v G.K. GHOSH (Thakkar, J.) 997. · him at his residence ih the evening. It appears that at the hospital Babu Lal learnt that he would have to pay some money to the respondent, Dr. Ghosh, if he warited his child to be.treated properly. PW 3 therefore paid Rs. 20 to the respondent when he called on him at his residence in the evening as suggested earlier. Thereupon the. respondent told PW 3 that his child would be permitted to remain in the hospital for treatment. Even so some seven or eight days later · respondent asked PW-3 to remove the child from the hospital. It app"ears that PW 3 gathered the impress'ion that he would have to pay money to the respondent for obtaining proper treatment at the . hospital. PW 3 in this background made a request to the respondent to issue a certificate so that he could get a loan or advance for t]:ie medical expenses. The respondent told PW 3 that he would have to pay a sum of Rs. 250 to obtain ·a certificate to enable him to obtain a loan of Rs. 500. PW 3 refused to accede to the del)Jand. Thereupon the · respondent told him to remove the patient from the hospital.· In view · of what transpired, PW 3 met the respondent on March 13, 1976, and requested him to issue a certificate to enable him to obtain a loan from the factory. The respondent again told him that he would · not issuo a certificate unless his demand for Rs. 250 was met. PW 3 made entreaties to the respondent but the respondent· did not relent. He told him to remove the patient from the hospital. Thereupon PW 3 promised to the respondent that he would make some ·payment immediately and that· the remaining amount would be paid shortly thereafter. PW 3 went back to bring the money. It appears that he felt exasperated and conceived the idea of trapping the respondent at this juncture. He had .five currency riotes of the denomination of Rs .. 10 with him. He noted down the numbers of these notes and carried the sum with hilll when he again approached the respondent. The respondent accepted the five currency notes .but refused to issue a, certificate unless the remaining amount of Rs. 200 was paid to him, . though PW 3 promised to pay the remaining amount within three or four days. PW 3 was thereupon very much· annoyed by the attitude. of the respondent and he decided to approach the Vigilance Depart, ment. He approached the Vigilance Officer and lodged complaint exhibit KA·8 on March 31, 1976 .. It appears that he bad borrowed Rs. 200 with a vi~w to provide the currency notes for laying a trap. He had carried 20 ten-rupee notes with him. In the complail;it lodged by him, Exhibit KA·8, he. specified the numbers of the 5 .ten-rupee notes which he had already given to the respondent on the earlier occasion, the numbers of which he had noted down previously. He also specified the nu~bers of the 20 ten·rupee notes ·provided by A B c E G H A B c D E F G H 998 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ~ '[1983] 3 s.c.R. him at the time of lodging the complaint. The Superintendent of the Vigilance Department, Shri I.P. Bhatnagar, called his Deputy, Dy. S. P. Pandey, and asked him to do the needful in the matte.r. Dy. S. P. Pandey asked PW 3 to meet hi111 on April 2, 1976-at 5-30 p. m. in Kaushik Park. Meanwhile, Superintendent Bhatnagar contacted the Dir~ctor of Vigilance Department and moved the competent authority for the requisite permission. The Coinmissioner-CumSecretary of the Vigilance Department, Shri Khodaji, granted written permission to lay a trap against respondent Dr. Ghosh. On receiving the sanction Superintendent Bhatnagar directed Dy. S. P. Pandey to. proceed 'to Jay the trap. It is the prosec~tion case that thereafter . PW 3 contacted Dy. S. P. Pandey at Kaushik Park on April 2, 1976 at 5-30 p.m. Two witnesses were called. The currency notes were· · handed over to PW I, Inspector Bahadur Singh. Initlals were made on the 20 G.· C. notes, the notes were treated. with Phenophthalin powder and the plan of the trap was explained to PW 3, the pnblic . ' witnesses, and to the members who were to accompany the party. _ As per the plan, initially, Sham Lall and Thakur Parshad were sent to the consultation room of the respondent on the second floor of his residence. What transpire-1 need not be stated as he has not been examined as a w·itness. After Sham Lal returned. PW 3; along with PW 2 Constable Bachu Lal, entered the Consultation room. PW 2 was in pla_in clothes and had posed as the· elder brother of PW 3. Whel) both of them entered the Consultation room respondent enquired from PW 3 whether he had brought the money. PW 3 replied in the affirmative. PW 3 then handed over the 20 ten-rupee notes which had been treated''with powder and. the numbers of which had been noted down in the complaint against the respondent. The respondent took these notes in his hands and placed the same in the left front pocket· of his bush-shirt. Thereafter the respondent took the· form on which he was to issue the certificate from P. W. 3 and started filling in the details. The form was a typed one and there were blank spaces which were required to be filled in. The typed portion ·appeared as under : Certified that Shri/Km.------- -D/o Shri--- ---of ORDANCE PARACHUTE FACTORY, Kanpur has been admitted in ·the Hospital for the treatment of-------. He will stay in Hospital· for'. ----days. The anticipated expendh ture likely to incur is Rs.-------. Shri-:--------,is recommended to draw Medical Advanw of Rs.--------...;,. ... ' U.P; STATE v. G •. K. GHOSH (Thakkar, J.) 999 ------,--from--------- -------from his employer. Station Kanpur Medical Officer ·Date: Kanpur The respondent filled in the name of the patient in the first line and mentioned her age (Ramsri, 13) in his own hand by pen. He also mentio'ned the name of PW-3 (Babu Lal) in the relevant column in the second line. 1n the fourth line in the blank space he men· tioned the name of the disease (T.B. Left Hip). He also mentioned the date of admission in his own liand (18-2-76). Having filled in these blanks he was about to fill up the blank in the fifth ·line for. mentioning the number of days for which the patient, was retained in the hospital and to mention the estimated amount of expenditure and to fill up the details in the remaining columns. At this juncture, it is the prosecution case, the members of the raiding party carried out the raid in the wake of a signal given by PW-2 Bachu Lal as per the instructions given at the time of arranging the plan. Since the respondent was interrupted when he was filling up the blanks, he could not complete the form and make his signature. The half-filled certificate form, Ex. KA-5, was seized.in the presence of the public witnesses. The respondent was asked -if be had accepted money from PV. 3. The respondent hereupon took out the 20 ten-rupee notes from his pocket and handed over the same to Dy. S. P. Pandey. The numbers of the currency notes were. tallied with the numbers mentioned in complaint, Ex. KA-3, and incorporated in Farad Ex. KA·!. The_currency notes were placed in an envelope which was sealed. The hand of the respondent was washed in a cup of rnlotion of Sodium Carbonate in the presence of the' witnesses. The solution turned red. The parse of the respondent was searched. The bush· shirt put on by the-respondent, Ex. KA-22, was also seized and a .part Of the bush-shirt was washed in a solution which thereupon .turned red. · Thereafter Dy. S. P. Pandey made enquiry about the 5 ten-rupee notes given qy PW 3 on the earlier occasion and carried out the search of the living room of the bungalow which was on the first floor. It is the prosecution case that the respondent provided the key_ of the almirah which was in the livin.g room and the almirah was opened with that key. Two ten-rupees notes were found from that almirah. The numbers of these ·notes were tallied with two of the five numbers specified in' Complaint KA-8. These notes were A B c D E F G H A 8 c D E F G H 1000 SUPRJlMB COURT REPORTS [1983) 3 s.C.J.i., • also seized and were placed in an envelope which was sealed~ Meanwhile, the respondent had fainted. The copy of the Farad prepared at the time of raid was therefore handed over to his wife after obtaining her signature on the Farad in token of ·the receipt of the copy thereof. Thereafter the investigation was taken over by PW-6 Dy. S. P. Tripathi of the Vigilance Establishment, who interrogated the witnesses concerned and recorded the statements in the course of the investigation. The sanction for prosecuting respondent Dr. Ghosh was obtained from the Government of U.P. and the charge-sheetagainst the accused was silbmi\ted Jn due course. At the trial Dr. S. P. Pandey could not be examined because he was not alive at the relevant point of time (he was killed in the course of an encounter with dacoits before the trial commenced). Out of the two public witnesses, one, PW-5 Ram Singh, has been examined. The other public witnesses Thakur Prasad has not been exa'llined as his evidence would have been of a repetitive . nature. Sham Lal was not examined on the ground that he had· been won over ·by the defence. Apart from complainant, PW-3 Babula!; three of the members of the raiding party viz. PW· I Bahadur Singh, Inspector Vigilance Department, and PW-2 constable Bachu Lal who had posod as the brother of PW -3 and had accom- 'panied him when he entered the consultation room, were examined at the trial. The defence examined · five witnesses. Though the respondent did not himself enter into the witnesses box to give evidence on oath, he was interrogated u/s. 313 of Cr. P.C; He made his oral statement in the court and also submitted a written statement in order to explain the circumstances appearing against him. The learned Special Judge excluded from consideratfon the evidence of PW-5 Ram Singh in view of the criticism levelled by the defence in regard· to his selection. The learned judge however con· sidered the evidence of PW -3 complainant Babula! as reliable. He also relied upon the evidence of PW -I Inspector Bahadur Singh and PW·2 Constable Bachulal. Taking into account the totality of the evidence including the direct evidence and the circumstantial evidence (which inter alia consisted of the seizure of the incomplete. form, KA-5, from the consultation room of the respondent at the time of the raid) and the explaμation offered by the respondent in regard to various circumstances appearing . against him; the learned Special Judge reached the conclusion that the prosecution had established beyond reasonable doubt that the respondent had demanded and accepted illegal grati'.lcation. The ie!lrned Special • J ' . . . U.P. STATE v. G.K. GHOSH (Thakkar, J.) 1001 Judge thereupon convicted the respondent for the offence under . Section 161 !PC as also for the offence under Section 5(1) (d) of the .. Prevention of Corruption Act. He imposed a substantive sentence . of Rigorous Imprisonment for two years and imposed a fine of Rs. 5,000 (in default to undergo R.I. for four months). The appeal preferred by the respondent was allowed in the circumstances mentioned earlier _in the course of the. judgment: For the reasons indicated. earlier, the judgment rendered by the High Court is of no assistance and we will have to reach our own conclusion as to whether the learned Special Judge was justified in recording the finning of guilt and convicting the respondent in the aforesaid manner. - The learned Special Judge was perfectly justified in making the cautious approach adopted by him in excluding from consideration the evidence of the public. witness, PW-5, Ram Singh. We A 8 c will have also to do likewise and exclude his evidence from consideration to be on the safe side. ·We will have to examine whether D. the learned Special Judge was justified in recording the finding of guilt on the basis of the rest of the evidence, and the circumstances appearing against the resp'ondent, taken along with the explanation offered by him. By and large a citizen is somewhat reluctant, rather than anxious, to complain to the Vigilance Department and to have a trap arranged even if illegal gratification is demanded by a Government servant. There are numerous reasons for the reluctance. In the first place, he has to make a number of visits to the office of Vigilance Department and to wait on a number of officers. He has to provide his own currency notes for arranging a trap. He has to comply with several formalities and sign several statements. He has to accompany the officers 'and participants of the raiding party' and play the main role. All the while he has to remain away from his job, work, or avocation. .He has to sacrifice his time and- effort whilst doing so. Thereafter, he has to attend the court at the time of the trial from day to day. He has to withstand the searching cross-examination by the defence counsel as if he himself is guilty of some fault. In the result, a citizen who has been harassed by a Government officer, has 'to face all these hazards. And if the explanation offered by the accused is accepted by the court, he has to face the humiliation of being considered as a person who tried to falsely im1>Iicate a Qov~rμment servant, not to speak of fac~ng the lil H A B c D Ill I' G H 1002 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . . [1983] 3 s.c.ll.. wrath of the Government servants of the department concerned, in his future dealings· with the department. No one would· therefore + be too keen or too anxious to face such an ordeal. Ordinarily, it is only when a citizen feels oppressed by a feeling· of being wronged and finds the situation to .. be beyond endurance, that he adopis the course of approaching the Vigilance Department for laying a trap . . His evidence cannot therefore be easily or lightly brushed aside. Of course, it cannot be gainsaid that it does not ,mean that the· court shou)d be oblivious of the need for caution and circumspection bearing in mind that one can conceive of cases where an honest or strict Government official may be falsely implicated by a vindictive person to whose demand, for showing favours, or for according a special treatment by giving a go-bye to the rules, the official refuses to yield. It is now time to deal with the criticism urged as a matter of course in the context of the police officer leading the raiding partynamely that he is an interested witness. This is true, but only to an extent a very limited extent. He is i°'terested in the success of the trap to ensure that a 'citizen, who complains of harassm'ent by a 'Government officer making a demand for illegal gratification, is · protected' and the role of his department iri the protection of snch citizens is vindicated. Perhaps it can be ·contended that he is 'interested in the success of the trap so that his. ego is satisfied or that _he earns a feather in his cap. At the same time it must l)e ' realised that it is not frequently that· a police officer, himself being a Government servant, would resort to perjury and concoct evidence in order to rope in an innocent Governme.nt servant .. In the event of the Governmenfservant concerned refusing to accept the currency notes offered by the cOmJ?lainant, it would not be reasonable to except the police officer to go to the length of concocting afalse seizure memo for prosecuting and humiliating him merely in order to save 'the face of the complainant, thereby compromising his own conscience. The court may therefore, depending on the circumstances of a case, feel safe in accepting the prosecution version on the basis of the oral evidence of the complainant and the police officers even if the trap witnesses turn hostile or are found not to be independent. ' When therefore~ besides· such evidence there is circumstantial evidence which is consistent with the guilt of the accused and not consisten( with his innocence, there should be no difficulty in upholding the· prosecution case, The present appears to be a q1se of that nature. If the circumstantial evidence is of such a \ J U.P. STATE v. G.K. GHOSH (Thakkar, J.) -- ioo3 · nature tbat it affords adequate corroboration to the prosecution ca~e, as held by the learned Special Judge, the appeal must succeed. ~ If ou the other hand the circmmtantial evidence is considered to be inadequate to buttress the oral testimony, the appeal necessarily must fail. Two facts have emerged from the evidence. First, that when the fingers of the accused were dipped in the solution, the liquid . turned red, evidencing the presence of phenolpththalein in powder on ~. · the fingers of the accused. The second feature of the prosecution case is the seizure of an incomplete form of medical certificate which was. half filled in the handwriting of the accused himself. It· is not disputed that this document was seized by the Investigating Officer. It is not disputed that the certificate is half filled. A part of it is admittedly filled in the handwriting of the accused himself. It is not disputed that when the blanks in the form were being filled the accused abruptly stopped· and did not complete the remaining part of the forth. Now, the prosecution version is that illegal gratification was demanded by the accused from the complainant (~W-3, Babula!) for issuing,this medical certificate. 'It is also the prosecution case that when the agreed amount of Rs. 200 was paid to the accused he accepted the currency notes and put the same in ·the' pocket of his bush-coat .. Thereafter, he started filling the form of medical certificate which was to be issued as and by way of consideration fof the illegal gratification paid to him. When he was in the process of preparing this certificate, at the point of ti.me. when he had filled it ·partly, the raiding party arrived upon the pre-agreed signal being given. In other words the prosecution case is. that· it was -in these circumstances that a form of medical certificate which. was partly filled in by the accused and which was partly incomplete was found on the table of the accused and was seized from his privote consultation room. It must be realised that even the most crafty police. officer who conspired with the complainant to lay a false case in order to rope in an innocent doctor would not be in a position to obtain a half complete medical certificate partly filled in the hand- - writing of the accused himself. If the prosecution version is believed, the seizure of the incomplete medical certificate partly filled in by the accused himself leaves no room·for doubt that the accusation is true. A B c D E F G It is rarely that such a piece of evidence would be available to the pfosec'ution. The fact that the form has been . partly filled by the accused'himself is admitted in the statement made by him under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. It is an undisputed H A B c ioo4 SUPREME COURT REPORTS fact that the medical certificate was being prepared 'at the request' of the complainant by the accused in his own , handwriting and that he abruptly stopped midway and left the from half-filled -and ~. ,incomplete. The prosecution veision pertaining to the circumstances in which this situation arose has already been adverted to. The defence· version. as to (I) the circumstances in which he started preparing the medical certificate in his own writing and stopped abruptly and (2) the circumstances in which the said half completed certificate happened to fall into the hands of the Investigating Officer, must now be scrutinized with a view to find out whether the version passes the test of probabilities unscathed. And with a view to, find out whether the explanation offered by the defence, in order to move , away the finger of gullt pointed at him by this in~riminating circumstance, is good enough, If the outcome is in favour of the defence, t)le order of acquittal can be sustained. Not otherwise. This is therefore, one of the crucial circumstances on which, in a way, ·the entire case turns. ' D ' E F G Let us now ·therefore have a close look at the explanation offered ·by the ac~used, which may be quoted verbatim for the sake of preciseness :- · _., "Once after finishing my round I was returning back, At that time Babula! came to me and told that in the present days of emergency he was not ' given leave. He requested me to write only this much in _the form that his daughter Ram Shri is under my treatment so that he could have leave for attending· his 'daughter. I replied that I will come back after performing an operation. You · place the form on table and am also calling for Bed Head Ticket. Having returned from operation theake I started filling · the form -and found that the form is incorrect. At ·that time Babu Lal' was not present there. I stopped writing the form and kept the same on the table itself. I can't say as to how that from reach'ed to the hands of Shri R.N. Pandey. This from is Ex. Ka. 5. _Shri R.N. Pandey used to come to Shri B.TYf. P~ndey." · H The explanation offered by the respondent does not carry . conviction and appears to be highly improbable. The respondent . could not have been unaware of the form in which the certificate was to be i;sued. The from presented to him was a typed form. (it has \J.il .. sTATB v. o.K. GHOSH (fhakkar, i.) JOOS been reproduced in extenso in the earlier part of the judgment) containing about eight lines with blank spaces which were required to be filled up. He would have immediately realised at a· bare glar.ce that it was not the proper form before starting to . fill up the form. In any event if be had realised that the form was not a proper form after filling up four gaps, he would have at le~st conveyed to PW-3 that he could not issue the certificat in that form. It is not even his case that he did so. Besides, there was no .point or purpose in keeping the half fil)ed form on bis table. Why should be have preserved it at all 1 , It is inconceivable why he sbould 1 preserve that half filled form and keep it in bis office room on the hospital premises so that it can somehow make its way in the hands of the police. It is also difficult to understand bow anyone would know about the existence of this form, steal it, and pass it on to PW-3 or to the police officers so that it could be readily used in order to wea\fe it in the story pertaining to what transpired 11t !he time of the raid. The respondent himself is unable to explain bow the half filled form w]licb was lying.in bis office room in the hospital made its way into the bands of the police officers. Again, it will have to be assumed that the police officers from the ver:19 beginning knew that the respondent would not accept the currency notes from ,the complainant and they would have to 'frame' him by preparing a Farad in which false recitals regarding seizure of the form were to be incorporated. One does hot come across such co-incidences in .the ordinary course of life. On probabilities it is well-nigh .impossible to believe that so many co-incidences could have occurred namely, (!) the respondent c~uld not realise that the form was not a correct form till be had filled up the particulars relating to the· name of the patient, the date of the admission of the patient (which would have to be ascertained ftom the record), and the ailment from which the patient was suffering. (2) It is also difficult to visualize that at that point of time on realizing the mistake, instead of tearing 'off' the form, he would preserve the half completed form, and would go away from the office keeping it on the top of the table, so that some one could conveniently take it away. (3) That such a form should conveniently fall into the hands of somebody enimical to him who could do quick thinking, conceive a design to trap him, and preserve it for future use to implicate him and ( 4) that such a person would know PW-3 and the police officers and pass it on to them to use it to 'frame' the respon<)ent. Nobody c~uld have known that such a form would be lying on his table. Even if any member of · , the staff had found .it on the table he would not have realised that A B c D E G H A B c D E F G H. , 1006 ' I ' , SUPREME 'COURT REPORTS ll91!~] 3 s.c.k. it could be utilise.d for trapping the respondent through ·PW-3. ·It is too much to believe that someone interested in ·framing the respondent had an easy access to his office room, could enter his office room in the absence of the resp911dent, and take away such a paper lying on bis table. And that such a person would contact PW-3, · Babula!, and the police officers, and plant in their mind the idea that this document could' be, availed of .for framing the accused. It does not happen in real life. On the other hand the prosecution version •is very natural and probable. The story regarding the d.emand fqr Rs. 200 was mentioned in Complaint Ka-14 ihicb· was forwarded by the .. Vigilance Commissioner to the Government for obtainillg sancti~n. ·The evidence of PW-3, Babula!, and the evidence of PW-i, Police Constable Bachu Lal, who accompanied him goes to show that as ·soon as the currency notes were banded over by PW 3 to the respondent he started filling up the form. It was at · that point of time that the signal was given and the raid materialized. ' The respondent was caught red handed while actually engaged in filling up the form, now that .his demand was met. The form was seized under a ·Farad and a copy of this Farad was handed over immediately to the: wife of the respondent after obtaining her signature on the original Farad in token of having received the copy. This would go to show that there was no room or scope -for any manipulation after the police officer left the consultation room of the respondent after the raid. It was but natural for the respondent to start filling up the form as soon as the amount demanded oy him was paid. The fact that he bad to stop in the midst when he was engaged in completing the form provides a very strong corroboration to the version of PW 2 and . PW 3. And when this evidence is weighed 1n the light of the explan·ation offered b.y the respondent, which fails to carry conviction and sounds extremely improbable, the circumstantial evidence · provided thereby assumes very great importance. The learned Special Judge was therefore.perfectly justified in attaching great importance to this piece of circumstantial evidence. As discussed earlier, it is very difficult to ·believe that PW 3, a poor mill worker, would . go to the length of. framing a Medical Officer of the Hospital where his child was taking treatment. On probabilities it is not possible to believe that be would go to the length of securing currency notes to the tune of Rs. 200 to provide the same to the police officers for arranging the trap, and to expose himself to the hazards of becoming a witness in a criminal trial, just in orde; to .. rope in the respondent against whom· there was no personal enmity. On the other hand it is understanda hie if he was t • tt.P. STATE V. Ci.K. Gliosli (Thakkar, J.) 1001 exasperated when he felt that his child was being denied proper medical treatment by tl\e doctor who insisted on illegal gratification 'under one pretexi or another. And on account of the strong feeling of injustice it was understa.ndable if he lodged a complaint with the Vigilance Department out of exasperation. The respondent has ·no other explanation to offer except and save to the effect that, PW 3 must have done it at the )nstance of one of his ambitious colleagues who was junior to him. This is what tl':e respondent says in his · statement in this connection :- "Baboo Lal had gone wrongly under this impression that h\s daughter had not been benefited by the treatment: When she was brought in the hospital, her condition was most precarious and was unable to speak. ·She even was not in a position to tell her grief. The treatment ·recovered her to this extent that she · regained her senses and was able to talk and cry about her pain and grief. · Having regained sensibility she started feeling pain and she used to cry. Ba boo Lal hardly used to meet me. I could see him in the hospital only once. Whenever I went to check this patient at the time of round Baboo Lal never was there. He never gave me this opportunity to convey him that ]low much the patient. has been benefited and recovered by the treatment. Baboo Lal used to come at evening and used to retu~n back· after meeting with doctors. Qr. S. M. Pandey who was iny immediate junior used to sit in my office in my absence because we both had a common office. Dr. S. P. Bhatnagar Pathologist had checked Kumari Ramsri and his report is present in the file. Dr. B. M. Pandey and Dr. s·. P. Bhatnagar were close friends. S. P. Bhatnagar of Vigilance department is related to I. P. Bhatnagar. Dr. B. M. Pandey and R. o.' Pandey Director Yigilance are both residents of Distt. Basti and are co laterals in family. Once Dr. B. M. Pandey had attempted to dislodge me from U. H. M. Hospital an.d suddenly I got a tra,:,sfer order. All the ministers, M. L. As and Dy.