# STATE OF U.P v. SAYED ABDUL JALIL

- **Citation:** [1972] 3 S.C.R. 342
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1972-02-01
- **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 279 of 1967
- **Bench:** S. M .. S!Kri, A. N. Ray, M. H: Beg
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/state-of-u-p-v-sayed-abdul-jalil-5544
- **Pages:** 6

## Headnote

A1aho1n111edan law-Order of Muslim ruler of Princely State a.Uotting
.l1ouse-lf would n1J1ount to a gift of the corpus-Whether operates tu a
grnnt of life e:-.·tate or a revocable licenct-lndian Evidence Act ( 1 o/
1872), s. 92 proviso (6)-Admissihilit,v of other el'idtnce.
Pursuant to an order by a Muslim ruler of an erstwhile princely-State,
th..: respondent \VUs allotted a house o:ind he \\'as Jiving in it.
After the
merger of th·~ princely-State with the appellant-State, rent was demanded
from the res~ondent and he filed a suit for a declaration that he was the
o\vner in possession of the house; and in the 3(tefnative; that he was a
licensee entitled to remain in possession for life without payment of any
rent.
The High Court, in sec~:md appeal, held that the use of the Urdu
words 'inteqal' and 'atta' showed that the Ruler intended the order to be
a valid declaration of gift under Mohammedan Law and that when the
respondent took possession of the house, he became its owner. The High
Court also held that no other evidence was admissible for deciding on the
Ruler's intention.
-
Allowing the appeal to this Court,
HELD : ( 1) There being no mention in the order either of riahts of ·
ownership or those of a life .. estate holder, the mere use of the two words,
did not determine what was meant' to be granted. The word 'inteqal' is
used in connection with a transfer of property, but in the context of its
use here, it could only indicate that the respondent was to )lave chanae
or tramfer his residence in the physical sense.
The word
1atta' iS: used
to denote all kinds of grants including a. mere permission to live in ~
house.
Therefore. assuming tbat the order reduced the terms of a grant
to writing, oral and other eYidence was both necessary and. admissible
under s. 92, proviso (6), Evidence Ac~, to resolve the latent ambiguity.
The evidence adduced in the case, however, is more consistent with the
view th~t the Ruler meant to resolve the immediate financial difficulty of
the respondent by giving him free residential accommodation than with
a conferment of the ownership of or a life interest in the house. [346 B-H]
( 2) There wos no declaration of any gift either of the corpus or the
usufruct and the admissible evidence relating to the nature of the transac- ·
tion, which the High Court should have considered, showed,
th~t the
transaction amounted to nothing more than a grant of '1 licence revocable
at the grantor's option. From the mere expenditure by the respondent of
money over some necessary repairs, an inference of a larger gfant O'Jnnot
be drawn. [347 C-EJ
CML APPELLATE JUP.ISD!CTION : Civil Appeal No. 279 of
1967.
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U.P. STATE V. ABDUL JALIL (Beg, J.)
343
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and decree dated
September 15, 1966 of the
Allahabad High Court in Second
Appeal No. 222 of 1960.
G. N. Diks/1it and 0. P. Ran.a, for the appellants.
E. C. Agrawala, for respondents Nos. 1, 2, 4 and 5.

## Text

342
STATE OF U.P.
v.
SAYED ABDUL JALIL
February 1, 1972
[S. M .. S!KRI, C.J., A. N. RAY AND M. H: BEG, JJ.]
A1aho1n111edan law-Order of Muslim ruler of Princely State a.Uotting
.l1ouse-lf would n1J1ount to a gift of the corpus-Whether operates tu a
grnnt of life e:-.·tate or a revocable licenct-lndian Evidence Act ( 1 o/
1872), s. 92 proviso (6)-Admissihilit,v of other el'idtnce.
Pursuant to an order by a Muslim ruler of an erstwhile princely-State,
th..: respondent \VUs allotted a house o:ind he \\'as Jiving in it.
After the
merger of th·~ princely-State with the appellant-State, rent was demanded
from the res~ondent and he filed a suit for a declaration that he was the
o\vner in possession of the house; and in the 3(tefnative; that he was a
licensee entitled to remain in possession for life without payment of any
rent.
The High Court, in sec~:md appeal, held that the use of the Urdu
words 'inteqal' and 'atta' showed that the Ruler intended the order to be
a valid declaration of gift under Mohammedan Law and that when the
respondent took possession of the house, he became its owner. The High
Court also held that no other evidence was admissible for deciding on the
Ruler's intention.
-
Allowing the appeal to this Court,
HELD : ( 1) There being no mention in the order either of riahts of ·
ownership or those of a life .. estate holder, the mere use of the two words,
did not determine what was meant' to be granted. The word 'inteqal' is
used in connection with a transfer of property, but in the context of its
use here, it could only indicate that the respondent was to )lave chanae
or tramfer his residence in the physical sense.
The word
1atta' iS: used
to denote all kinds of grants including a. mere permission to live in ~
house.
Therefore. assuming tbat the order reduced the terms of a grant
to writing, oral and other eYidence was both necessary and. admissible
under s. 92, proviso (6), Evidence Ac~, to resolve the latent ambiguity.
The evidence adduced in the case, however, is more consistent with the
view th~t the Ruler meant to resolve the immediate financial difficulty of
the respondent by giving him free residential accommodation than with
a conferment of the ownership of or a life interest in the house. [346 B-H]
( 2) There wos no declaration of any gift either of the corpus or the
usufruct and the admissible evidence relating to the nature of the transac- ·
tion, which the High Court should have considered, showed,
th~t the
transaction amounted to nothing more than a grant of '1 licence revocable
at the grantor's option. From the mere expenditure by the respondent of
money over some necessary repairs, an inference of a larger gfant O'Jnnot
be drawn. [347 C-EJ
CML APPELLATE JUP.ISD!CTION : Civil Appeal No. 279 of
1967.
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U.P. STATE V. ABDUL JALIL (Beg, J.)
343
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and decree dated
September 15, 1966 of the
Allahabad High Court in Second
Appeal No. 222 of 1960.
G. N. Diks/1it and 0. P. Ran.a, for the appellants.
E. C. Agrawala, for respondents Nos. 1, 2, 4 and 5.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Beg, J. There are two appeals by Special Leave before us,
Leave, against the Judgment a.nd decree of a learned Judge of
the Allahabad High Court allowing a plaintiff's se.cond appeal
The plaintiff's case was that the Governmeur of Rampur had
given him a house "under the orders of His Highness the Nawab
of Rampur, passeq on 23rd June, 1945". It appears that, after
the merger of Rampur State in Uttar Pradesh in 1949, when
Rampur became a district of Uttar Pradesh, this house was given
by the Governme.nt of Uttar Pradesh to the Municipal Board of
R&mpur, Defendant-Appellant, which c!emanded rent from the
plaintiff by notice.
On the plaintiff's refusal to pay, the house
was attached on 23rd February, 1955.
The plaintiff deposited
a sum of Rs. 100- under protest. He then filed his suit, on
26-10-56, for a declaration that he is the own~r in possession of
the house, and, in the alternative, that he is a "licensee" entitled
to remain in possession of the house for life without payment of
rent.
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The defendants, the State of Uttar Pradesh, the Municipal
Board of Rampur, and the Public Works Department at Rampur, ·
d~med the alleged gift of either the ownership or of a life-intere!ll
in the house to the plaintiff.
They also pleaded that there was
no relationship of landlord and tenant between the plaintiff and
the defendants.
Their case was that, if any permission to reside
in the house, was given to the plaintiff by the ruler of the State
of Rampur before the merger of Rampur with Uttar Pradesh, it
was valid and effective only so long as the plaintiff Was in the
service of the former ruler of Rampur.
They set up a claim
to "damages for use and occupation in the· form of rent from
the plaintiff at Rs. 10/- per month from 1-4-1953 to 30-1-1954".
According to them, the plaintiff's licence, if any, automatically
te•minatec! when the State of Rampur merged with the State of
Uttar Pradesh. The defendants had also pleaded that IM alleged
gift, which was not governed by Mahomedan law, could not be
upheld because no registered deed of gift was executed to transfer a house the value of which was far in excess of Rs. 100/-.
The Trial court as well as the first Appellate Court had found,
after an examination of all the evidence, including the alleJ?ed
344
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1972] 3 s.c.R.
order dated 23rd June 1945, of His Highness the Nawab of A
Rampur (Exhibit 1), a Jetter dated 30th June l.949 {Exhibit
A-10) from a Minister of Rampur State to "the Secretary (Build·
in gs), fixing rent for the house and the oral evidence that the
plcintiff had not proved either of the two alternative claims set
up by him.
A learned Judge of the Allahabad High Court had,
upon the plaintiff's second · appeal, reversed the concurrent
B
findings of fact recorded by the Courts below because the learned
Judge thought that "the order of the Nawab of Rampur dated
23rd June 1945'', constituting a valid declaration of a gift, by
the owner of the house, followed by the plaintiff's admitted actual
possession of the house conferred ownership · of the house upon
the plaintiff-respondent
according
to Mahomedan law.
The c
learned Judire also held that nothing beyond ~his order of the
Nawab could be looked into for deciding what was intended by
the Nawab and that the use of the words "inteqal" and "atta" in
the following extract from the order in Urdu determined
the
in•cnt of the Nawab conclusively.
"Ap ki sakunat ke
waste
Abdul Karim Sahib wala makan atta farmaya gaya hai.
Ap. aj'
D
hi us me muntaquil ho jayen . . . . . . Ap un se mil kar inteqa
makan ki karrawai kariye".
The questions arising before us for decision are : firstly,
wbether the alleged gift is governed by Mahomedan Law; secondly,
whether the requirements of Mahomedan Jaw for establishing a
gift of the house or of its usufruct for life to the plaintiff could be E
held to have been satisfied in this case; and,
thirdly, whether
nothing beyond the order of 23-6-1945 could be looked into
to determine the Nawab's intention.
One could legitimately presume that a gift by the Nawab of
Rampur, a Muslim, would be governed by the rules of MahomeF
dan Jaw if the Nawab was dealing with his own private property.
In the case before us, we find that the plaintiff himself has pleaded
that he acquired his right and title to the house in dispute from
the Government of Rampur State, although the action of the
Governmerii was said to be "under the orders dated June 23,
1945, of His Highness the Nawab of Rampur". Upon an exami·
G
nation of the alleged order, which has been treated by the learned
Judge of the Allahabad High Court as a. valid declaration of a
gift of the house by its owner, governed by Mahomedan law, we
find that it is only a piece of information sent to the plaintiff who
is described as "Nigran Shikar Mahi" or "Supervisor of Fishing."
The communication, translated in English in the paper book of
this Court, reads as follows :
H
''His Highness has p~ssed orders that you should
immediately vacate the house in which you reside an.d
U.P. STATE v. ABDUL JALIL (Beg, J,)
345
A
pay up to the landlord all his dues. Abdul Karim
wala house has been given to you for your residential
purpose. You should shift to that house this very day.
The Executive Engineer (Buildings) has been intimatto allot the said house to you immediately. Please
contact him arid take steps to vacate the house".
B
The plaintiff himself had produced Agha Khan, the Assistant
Military Secretary of the Nawab of Rampur, who had signed and
sent the communication, set out above,
to the plaintiff. His.
evidence shows !hat the Nawab of Rampur had probably given
some oral order to get the private hou~e in which the plaintiff was
C living vacated, and "to give" another house to him for residence.
Under cross-examination, the witness stated that, by using the
-vord "inteqal" in the writing, he meant to convey that "the plaintiff should leave that house and live in the house in dispute." This
witness, who was not owner of the house, could not gift the
house in dispute to the plaintiff.
He could o.nly "give" the house
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to the plaintiff in the sense that he could, under the Nawab's
orders, obtain its allotment for the plaintiff. He said that its
previous occupant, a mechanic, was also occupying it, without
payment of any rent, with the Nawab's permission. The implication of such a statement could only be that the plaintiff had a
similar permission. He did not depose that the Nawab had asked
him to inform the plaintiff that the Nawab was making a gift of
the house to the plaintiff. The witness stated that the house
belonged to the Government of Rampur.
All this evidence is
consistent with th~ view that the Nawab meant to do nothing
more than to resolve the immediate difficulty of the plaintiff, by
giving him some free residential accommodation in a house
owned by the Government so that the plaintiff could clear up his
F dues to his landlord, rather than with the conclusion that the
Nawab intended to confer the ownership of the house on the
plaintiff.
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It is well established that a document must be read as a
whole. In a document meant for a transfer of ownership, the
purpose is generally stated clearly to be that the property given
will be owned and possessed \J.enceforth by the donee in· such a
way that he could use it or deal with it as he liked. The only
'karawai' or proceeding, to which a reference is made in the
document. seemed to be "allotment" of accommodation or transfer of plaintiff's residence into another house, owned by the State,
for which appropriate steps were to be taken. by a Government
official. The communication savs, as translated, that the Executive Engineer (Buildings) had been informed that the house in
question was to be "allotted" to the plaintiff. If the ~laintiff was to
become its owner, that would have been commumcated to the
..
"
346
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1972] .3 S.C.R.
Executive Engineer.
A transfer of ownership would,
in the
ordinary course, be expected to be evidenced by much more
clear l!l)d unequivocal language.
Tl)e appropriate proceeding
after a gift is that of mutation in Municipal records. No evidence
was given of any mutation in a Municipal record showing transfer of ownership of the 'corp_us' for which the term 'milkiyat' is
used.
It is true that, as the learned Judge observed, the word 'Inteqal' is used in connection with a transfer of property. This is so
when it occurs in juxta-position wifu 'Jaidad'. _In
lhe document before us, the following words indicate that transfer which
the Nawab had in mind was that of the plaintiff himself to
another residence in the physical s"nse: "Ap aj _hi us me muntaqil ho jayen." This me~ning is further emphasised by the use of
the words "sakunat ke waste" (for residential purpose)
which
was the only stated object of the "inteqal." Again, the word
"atta" is used to denote all kinds of grants. The grant may be
of a license or of ownership of property. The word "atta" could
be used by a courtier, as a matter of form, to indicate anything
granted by the Nawab whether it be mere permission to live in
_ a house or something more.
If the intention of the Nawab was to grant ownership, the
language used to communicate it would not have left it in doubt. -
It is significant that the plaintiff, who stated in his evidence that
the gift was meant to have been made "in lieu of old services",
had not mentioned this object of the alleged donation in his
plaint. It is also evident that he was not sure of his own rights
or position because_ he took up an alternative case of a gift -of
the right to live in the house for life. We do not find the word
'hibba' or gift used at all in this document. Nor is the word
"amree:' or any other similar word; which could connote a lifeestate, used in the document. There being no mention eit!ier of
rights of ownership or those of a life-estate holder, the mere u;e
of the words '.'inteqal" and "atta" does not determine, as the
learned Judge assumed, what was really meant to· be granted or
transferred. We think that oral and other evidence, besideS the
document under consideration, was both necessary and admissible under ProViso (6) to Sec. 92 of the Indian Evidence Act
to resolve a latent ambiguity caused by the two vague words
used in it and to show how its language was related to _the existing facts even if one were to assume that the information contained in it was meant to reduce the. terms of a grant to the foi'In of
writing.
Upon the view we are taldng of the facts of this Cll$C, it is not
necessary for us to embark on any detailed discussion of essentials
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U.P. STATE V. ABDUL JAL!L (Beg, !.)
347.
of a gift under the Mahomedan law. It is enough to point out
that even if the rules of Mahomedan law were to be applied to
the transaction before us the very first of the three conditions of ·
a valid gift, given in Mulla's 'Principles of Mahomedan Law"
(16th Edn. p. 141) that of "a declaration of gift by the donor"
-is lacking here. Such a declaration must indicate, with
reasonabl1: clarity, what is really gifted. It is also not necessary
for us to deal with the distinction between separable gifts of the
'corpus' und the 'usufruct', · recognised
by Mahomedan
law,
which references to Amjad Khan v. Ashraf Khan(<) and Nawa-
;,ish Ali Khan v. Ali Raza Khan(') would disclose.
After an
examination of all the admissible evidence, relating to the nature
of the transaction set up by the plaintiff, which should have been
ccnsidered, we are satisfied that the plaintiff failed to prove either
a grant of the 'corpus' or of the 'usufruct' of the house to him for
his life by its owner. The transaction before us would amount
to nothing more than the grant of a license, revocable at the
Grantor's option to reside in the house so long as the grantor
allowed the licensee to do so. Such a grant is known as "areeat"
in Mahomedan law (See: Mulla's Principles of Mahomedan Law,
Sixteenth Edition, page 166). The tenns of the alleged grant,
even if they are to be found only in the communication sent to .
the plaintiff, are not, read in the context in which they occur,
capable of raising an. inference of a larger grant. The mere expenditure of small sums o.f money over necessary repairs, alleged
by the plaintiff, could not convert it into an irrevocable license.
Consequently, we allow this appeal and set aside the judgment and decree of the High Court. We do not think that this
is a fit case in which the appellant should get the costs of this
litigation as the plaintiff had some grounds to be misled by the
communication received by him.
The parties will,
therefore,
bear their own costs throughout.
V.P.S.
Appeal allowed.
(I) A.l.R. 1929 P.C. p. 149.
(2)
A.l.R. 1948 P.C. r. 134.