# TARA CHAND KHATRI v. MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI & ORS - **Citation:** [1977] 2 S.C.R. 198 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1976-01-08 - **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 412 of 1958 - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/tara-chand-khatri-v-municipal-corporation-of-delhi-ors-7026 - **Pages:** 15 ## Headnote A B c D E F G H 198 TARA CHAND KHATRI v. MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI & ORS. November 26. 1976 [A. N. RAY, c. J., M. H. BEG AND JASWANT SINGH, JJJ Serl' ice matter-Disciplinary A whority-Recording reasons-When obligatory. Higlz Court-If 11nder a d11ty to enq11ire into allegatiom of mala fides. The appellant, a school teacher under the Delhi Municipal Corporation. was dismissed from service by the Deputy Commissioner (Education) after following the procedure prescribed under the Regulations. His appeal to the Commissioner of the Corporation was dismissed and his writ petition was dismissed in limine by the High Court. On further appeal to this Court it was contended that ( 1) the order of dismissal was invalid for the reason that the Commissioner being the appointing authority, the Deputy Commissioner was incompetent to dismiss him and the regulation conferring power on the Deputy Commissioner to dismiss a municipal employee drawing less than Rs. 350 being inconsistent with s. 95 of the Delhi Municipal Corporatiori Act 1957 is void; (2) s'nce die disciplinary authority had neither recorded its findings nor given its reasons in the order of dismissal it is vitiated and ( 3) the petition should not have been dismissed in limine by the Hi~h Court. Dismissing the appeal, HELD : ( 1) The appellant's appointment having been made by the Deputy Commissioner, who possessed plenary powers in that behalf by virtue of the delegation of power to him, there was neither any legal bar to his dismissal by that authority nor a breach of the first proviso to s. 95 (1). In his writ petition before the High Court the appellant failed to make any averment regarding the incompetence of the Deputy Commissioner to pass the impugned order and the 'invalidity of the regulaHon. None of his pleas was tenable in view of the order of the Commissioner delegating his powers to the Deputy Commissioner, his actual appointment as an Assistant Teacher by the Deputy Commissioner and regulation T being consistent with s. 9 5 ( 1) of the Act. [204 E & CJ The Mana;:ement of D.T.U. v. Shri B.B.L. Hajeley & Anr. [1973] 2 S.C.R. 114 and Municipal Corporation of. Delhi v. Ram Partap Singh (Civil Appeal No. 2449(N) of 1969 delivered on January 8, 1976), held inapplicable. (2)(a) Although it may be necessary for the disciplinary authority to record it~ provisional conclusions in the notice calling upon the delinquent officer to show cause why the proposed punishment be not imposed upon him if it differs from the findings arrived at by the enquiry officer with regard to the· charge, it is not obligatory to do so in case the disciplinary authority concurs w:'.th the findings of the enquiring officer. {205 Fl In the instant case it is apparent from the order of the Deouty Commissioner that he ;,greed with the findings of the Enquiring Otlicer. [208 AJ State of Orissa v. Govinddas Pande (Civil Appeal No. 412 of 1958 decided on December 10, 1962) and State of Assam & Anr. v. Vinwl Kumar Pandit A.LR 1963 S.C. 1612 f'ollowed. 1 (b) While it may be necessary for a disciplinary or administrative authority . , e.xercising quasi-judicial functions to state the reasons in support of its order ' if it differs from the conclusions arrived at and the recommendations made by •• I TARA CHAND v. M. CORPN. (Jaswant Singh, J.) 199 1he enquiring officer in view of the sc~eine of a particular . f'.nactme~t or the rules made thereunder, it would be laymg down the propos1tlon a little too broadly to say that even an order of concurrence must be supported by reasons. it cannot be laid down as a general rule that an order is a non-speaking order simply because it is brief and not elaborate. Every case has to be judged in the light of its own facts. [208 BJ Sardar Govindrao & Ors. v. State of Madhya Pradesh [1965] 1 S.C.a. 678, A Bhagat Raja v. The Union of India & Ors. [1967] 3 S.C.R. 302, Travancore B Rayon Ltd. v. Union of India [1970] 3 S.C.R. 40, Mahabir Prasad Santosh Kumar v. State of U.P. & ## Text _Characters 0–39,926 of 44,429. This is a partial read: ask again with offset=39926 for what follows._ A B c D E F G H 198 TARA CHAND KHATRI v. MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI & ORS. November 26. 1976 [A. N. RAY, c. J., M. H. BEG AND JASWANT SINGH, JJJ Serl' ice matter-Disciplinary A whority-Recording reasons-When obligatory. Higlz Court-If 11nder a d11ty to enq11ire into allegatiom of mala fides. The appellant, a school teacher under the Delhi Municipal Corporation. was dismissed from service by the Deputy Commissioner (Education) after following the procedure prescribed under the Regulations. His appeal to the Commissioner of the Corporation was dismissed and his writ petition was dismissed in limine by the High Court. On further appeal to this Court it was contended that ( 1) the order of dismissal was invalid for the reason that the Commissioner being the appointing authority, the Deputy Commissioner was incompetent to dismiss him and the regulation conferring power on the Deputy Commissioner to dismiss a municipal employee drawing less than Rs. 350 being inconsistent with s. 95 of the Delhi Municipal Corporatiori Act 1957 is void; (2) s'nce die disciplinary authority had neither recorded its findings nor given its reasons in the order of dismissal it is vitiated and ( 3) the petition should not have been dismissed in limine by the Hi~h Court. Dismissing the appeal, HELD : ( 1) The appellant's appointment having been made by the Deputy Commissioner, who possessed plenary powers in that behalf by virtue of the delegation of power to him, there was neither any legal bar to his dismissal by that authority nor a breach of the first proviso to s. 95 (1). In his writ petition before the High Court the appellant failed to make any averment regarding the incompetence of the Deputy Commissioner to pass the impugned order and the 'invalidity of the regulaHon. None of his pleas was tenable in view of the order of the Commissioner delegating his powers to the Deputy Commissioner, his actual appointment as an Assistant Teacher by the Deputy Commissioner and regulation T being consistent with s. 9 5 ( 1) of the Act. [204 E & CJ The Mana;:ement of D.T.U. v. Shri B.B.L. Hajeley & Anr. [1973] 2 S.C.R. 114 and Municipal Corporation of. Delhi v. Ram Partap Singh (Civil Appeal No. 2449(N) of 1969 delivered on January 8, 1976), held inapplicable. (2)(a) Although it may be necessary for the disciplinary authority to record it~ provisional conclusions in the notice calling upon the delinquent officer to show cause why the proposed punishment be not imposed upon him if it differs from the findings arrived at by the enquiry officer with regard to the· charge, it is not obligatory to do so in case the disciplinary authority concurs w:'.th the findings of the enquiring officer. {205 Fl In the instant case it is apparent from the order of the Deouty Commissioner that he ;,greed with the findings of the Enquiring Otlicer. [208 AJ State of Orissa v. Govinddas Pande (Civil Appeal No. 412 of 1958 decided on December 10, 1962) and State of Assam & Anr. v. Vinwl Kumar Pandit A.LR 1963 S.C. 1612 f'ollowed. 1 (b) While it may be necessary for a disciplinary or administrative authority . , e.xercising quasi-judicial functions to state the reasons in support of its order ' if it differs from the conclusions arrived at and the recommendations made by •• I TARA CHAND v. M. CORPN. (Jaswant Singh, J.) 199 1he enquiring officer in view of the sc~eine of a particular . f'.nactme~t or the rules made thereunder, it would be laymg down the propos1tlon a little too broadly to say that even an order of concurrence must be supported by reasons. it cannot be laid down as a general rule that an order is a non-speaking order simply because it is brief and not elaborate. Every case has to be judged in the light of its own facts. [208 BJ Sardar Govindrao & Ors. v. State of Madhya Pradesh [1965] 1 S.C.a. 678, A Bhagat Raja v. The Union of India & Ors. [1967] 3 S.C.R. 302, Travancore B Rayon Ltd. v. Union of India [1970] 3 S.C.R. 40, Mahabir Prasad Santosh Kumar v. State of U.P. & Ors. [1971] 1 S.C.R. 201, Rangnath v. Daulatrao & Ors. [1975] 1 S.C.C. 686 and The Siemens Engineering & Mano;facturinf.( Co. of illdia Ltd. v. The Union of India & Anr. [1976] 2 S.C.C. 981, inapplicable. (c) M.P. Industries Ltd. v. Union of India [1966] 1 S.C.R. 466 contains a, correct statement of law. In Bhagat Raja v. The Union of India, [1967] · 3 S.C.R. 302 this Court did not make any observations which can be interpreted as overruling the majority judgment in the former case. In view of the .amendment of r. 55 of the Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 th., dec'sion in Bhaf.(at Raja' s case was different from M.P. Industries case which had bee11; renderep on the unamended r. 55 of the Rules. [212 A; 211 Bl (3) The High Court was not wrong in dismissing the writ petition in Ii mine because a prima facie case requiring investigation had not been made out by the appellant. The High Court would be justified in refusing to carry on investigation into the allegations of ma/a fides if necessary particulars of the charge making out a prima, facie case are not given in lhe petition. Since the bunlen of establishing ma/a fides lies very heavily on the person wlm alleges them and the allegations made in regard thereto, ill the writ petition were not sufficient to establish malus animus. The High Court was justified in dismissing - the petition without issuing notice to the other side. [212 C-D] CrvrL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2471 of 1972. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 28th March 1972 of the Delhi High Court in Civil Writ No. 179 /72. M. K. Ramamul'l.hi, K. B. Rohatagi, V. K. Jain and M. M. Kashyap, for the Appellant. S. N. Andley, B. P. Maheshwal'i· and Suresh Sethi, for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by JASWANT SINGH, J. This appeal by 'special leave is directed against the judgment and order dated March 28, 1972 of the High Court of Delhi dismissing in limine the writ petition filed by the appellant herein. The facts essential for the purpose of this appeal are : The appellant was appointed as an Assistant Teacher on temporary basis in the pay scale of Rs. 68-170, which was subsequently revised to Rs. 118-225, in the Primary ~chool, Northern Railway Colony II run by the Education Department of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, with effect from October l, 1958. He was confirmed on the said post on September 30, 1959. On August 28, 1964, he was transferred to the Senior Basic Middle School of the Corporation in Panna l\famirpur, Narela II. In September, 1967, he was assigned the work of teaching certain ·subjects to both the sections of Class V. In section A of Class V, there c D E F G H A B c 200 SUPREME COUkT REPORTS [1977] 2 S.C.R. _..,. was at that time a student named Surinder Kumar, son of Dhan Raj. On. September 6, 1967, Dhan ~aj made a written complaint to the Educat10n Officer of the Corporat10n, a copy of which he endorsed to the Head Master of the School, alleging therein that the appellant had sensually misbehaved with his son, Surinder Kumar in the School Premises during the recess time on 2nd and 4th September, 1967. On October 5, 1967, the Education Officer suspended the appellant. On April 15, 1968, the Assistant Education Officer, Rural North Zone, was directed by his superior to prepare a charge sheet against the appellant whereupon a charge sheet was drawn up and served on the latter on November 16, 1968. Therefore, the Director of Inquiries, who was deputed to enquire into the matter proceeded to hold the enquiry and on consideration 0£ the evidence ·adduced before him, he submitted a report on May 20, 1969, ,holding that the charge levelled against the appellant had been established. On receipt of the report and perusal thereof, the Deputy Commissioner, Education of the 'Corporation pass· ed the following order on May 20, 1969 : "I have gone through the report of the Inquiry Officer and agree with his findings. The Inquiry Officer has held the charge of committing an immoral act with a student of Class D V, levelled against Shri Tara Chand Khatri, A/T (Respondent) as proved. Such an act on the part of a teacher is most unbecoming, serious and reprehensible. I propose to impose the penalty of 'dismissal' from service which shall be a disqualification for future employment on the respondent." E F G H Consequent upon the pas'sing of this order, a notice was issued t<> the appellant requiring him to show cause why the penalty of dismissal from service be not imposed on him. On July 11, 1969, the appellant submitted his representation in reply to the show cause notice. By order dated July 30, 1968, the Deputy Commissioner, rejected the representation of the appellant and imposed the penalty of dismiSsal from service upon him. Aggrieved by this order, the appellant preferred an appeal to the Commissioner of the Corporation on August 29, 1969, under regulation 11 of the Delhi Municipal Corporation Service (Control and Appeal) Regulations, 1959 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Regulations') which was rejected by the Commissioner on September 13, 1969. On October 11, 1971, the appellant filed Civil Writ Petition No. 1032 of 1969 in the High Court of Delhi challenging the aforesaid order of his dismissal from service. The High Court allowed the petition on the ground that the order of the Appellate Authority was made in violation of the requirements of regulation 15 of the Regulations and directed the Appellate Authority to dispose of the appeal afresh on merits keeping in view all the facts and circumstances of the case as alw the requirements of Regulation 15 of the Regulation. While disposing of the writ petition, the learned Judge added that if the appellant still felt aggrieved by the decision of the Appellate Authority he would be at liberty in appropriate proceeding3 not only to challenge the order of the Appellate Authority but the order of thedisciplinary authority as well. On remand, the Commissioner of the Corporation who happened to be an officer different from the one who rejected the appellant's appeal on the former occasion heard the appe1 •'( ,· • TARA CHAND v. M. CORPN. (Jaswant Singh, 1.) 201 Hant at considerable length but rejected the appeal by an elaborate order dated January 5, 1972. The appellant ther~upon fil~d writ petition No. 179 of 1972 in the High Court of ~el~1 chall~ngmg.the order dated July 30, 1969 of the Deputy Comm1ss10ner, Education, as well as the order of the Appellate Authority dated January 5, 1972. This petition was, as already stated, summarily dismissed without the issue of a notice to the respondents. The appellant then made an application to the High Court for leave to appeal to this Court but the same was also rejected. Appearing in support of the appeal, Mr. Ramamurthi has vehemently contended that the appointing authority of tl~e app~J~ant beincr the Commissioner under section 92, of the Dellu M11mc1pal Corporation Act, 1957 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'), his dismissal from service by the Deputy Commissioner (Education)-an authority subordinate to the Commissioner is illegal. The counsel has next urged that regulation 7 of the Regulatious and the Schedule referred to therein conferring power on the Deputy Commis1sioner to dismiss a municipal officea: or other employee drawing a monthly salary of less than Rs. 350/- being inconsistent with section 95 of the Act is void and consequently the impugned order of the appellant's dismissal from service passed in exercise of that power is also illegal and invalid. The counsel has further contended that the impugned order of the appellant's dismissal from service being a quasi-judicial order is vitiated as the disciplinary authority has neither recorded its findings with respect to the charge drawn up against the appellant as1 required by regulation 8(9) of the Regulations nor has it given its reasons for passing the order. The counsel has lastly urged that the High Court ought not to have dismissed tlhe petition in limine without calling upon the respondents to file the return as it raised not only arguable points of law but also contained allegations of male fides against the respondents. We shall deal with these points ser'iatim. But before embarking o~ that task, we consider it apposite to refer to a few provisions of the Act and regulations which have an important bearing on the case. Under section 92(1) (b) of the Act, as in force at the relevant time the power o~ appointing municipal officers and other municipal employees whether temporary or permanent, to posts ca~rying a minimum monthly salary (exclusive of allowances) of less than three hundred and fifty rupees was vested in the Commissioner. Subsection (1) of section 95 of the Act provided that every municipal officer or other municipal employee shan be liable.. . . . . . . . to be censured, reduced in rank, compulsorily retired, removed or dismissed' for any breach of any departmental regulation3 or of discipline or for carelcs.sness, unfitness, negl~t of duty or other misconduct by such au.thonty as. may be, prescnbed by regulations. The first proviso to this sub-section, however, contained the following .rider:- "Provided that no such officer or other employee as aforesaid shall be reduced in rank, compulsorily retired, removed or dismissed by any authority subordinate to that by which he was appointed." A B c D E F G H 202 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1977] 2 S.C.R. A Section 491 of the• Act which is in the nature of an enabling proB c D E F G H vision provided as. under;- "The Commissioner may by order direct that any power conferred or any duty imposed on him by or under this Act shall, in such circumstances and under such conditions, if any, as may be specified in the onler, be exercised and performed also by any officer or other municipal employee specified in the order." It is admitted by the appellant that in; exercise of the power conferred on him under sedion 491 of the Act, the Commissioner had vide his order No. (1)58 Law Corp-1 dated April 7, 1958, directed that all the powers conferred on him under the various provisions of the Act would be exercised also by th11 Deputy Commissioner subject to his supervision, control and revision. Regulation 7 of the Regulations and the Schedule referred to therein read as under:- "Regulation 7: The authority specified in column 1 of the Schedule may impose on any of the municipal officers or other municipal employees specified there against in column 2 thereof any of the penalties specified there against in column 3 thereof. Any such officer or employee may appeal against the order imposing upon him any of those penalties to the authority specified in column 4 of the said Schedule." · SCHEDULE D~scription of posts Authority competent Penalties to impose penalties Posts whose minimum Deputy Commissioner All monthly salary (exclusive of allowances) is less than three hundred and fifty rupees. Do. Any municipal officer (i) & (ii) or employee to whom powers to impose penalties is de1 egated under section 491. Appcllrte Authority Ccrrn1issicrcr Deputy Con1issioncr It would also be advantageous to refer to regulation 8 of the Regulations in so far ais it is relevant for the purpose of this appeal. "Regulation 8: . . . . . . . . . . . . i J TARA CHAND v. M. CORPN. (laswant Singh, I.) (9) The Disciplinary Authodty, shall, if it. is .not the foquiring Authority, consider the record of mqmry and record its findings on each charge. ( 1 O) If the Disciplinary Authority, having regard to its findings on the charges, is of the opinion that. any of th.e penalties specified in regulation 6 should be imposed, it shall :- (a) furnish to the municipal officer or other municipal employee a copy of. t~e ~eport of the ~nqui~ing Authority and, where the D1sc1pl111ary A~thonty. JS not tihe Inquiring Authority, a statement o~ its fin<;\rngs t,?ge~her with brief reasons for disagreement, 1f any, with the nndmgs of the Inquiring Authority; and (b) give him a notice stating the action proposed to be taken in regard to hinl and calling upon him to submit within a specified time such representation as he may wish to make against the proposed action. ( 11) The Disciplinary Authority shall consider the representation, if any, made by the municipal officer or other municipai employee in response to the notice under subregulation (10) and determine what penalty, if any, should be inlposed on the municipal officer or other municipal employee and pass appropriate orders on the case. (12) Orders passed by the Disciplinary Authority shall be communicated to the municipal officer or other municipal employee who shall also be suppliecl with a copy of the report of the Inquiring Authority and where the Disciplinary Authority is not the Inquiring Authority, a statement of its findings together. with brief reasons for disagreement, if any, with the findings of the Inquiring Authority, unless they have already been snpplied to him." 203 Having noticed the relevant provisions, we now pass on to consider the contentions raised on beha1f of the appellant. Adverting to the first two contentions raised before us on behalf of the appellant, it may be stated that neither of themi appear from the record to have been raised before the High Court. It was not the case 0£ the appellant in the petition filedi by him under Article 226 of the Constitution that since his appointment as an Assistant Teacher was actually made by the Commissioner, the Deputy' Commissioner was not competent to dismiss him from service. What was asserted hy him at that stage is contained! in ground No. VI of the petition and may be reproduced below for facility of reference:- ''.Because, in any. case, respondent No. 3 has no jurisdict11m to \1ear the appeal. Under section 92 of the Dell1i Municipal Corporation Act, 1957, the petitioner could bd A B c D E F G H A Il c D E F G H 204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1977] 2 S.C.R. appointed only by the Commissioner and under s~ction 95 of tht said Act, he should be the dismissing authority. In the present case, however, the Commissioner had l:Jy notification undeQ sec~ion 491 of the said Act, delegated his power to the Deputy Commissioner under Circular No. 4( l) /8-Law Corp. 1 dated 7.4.1958. The dismissing order was made by the Deputy Commissioner ;is dclegatee i.e. as exercising the powers of the Commissioner. The Commissioner, therefore, could not sit in appeal on such an o:;der. Only the Standing Committee of the Curporation could have heard the appeal." The omission to make the aforesaid av(erments in the writ petition regarding the incompetence of the Deputy Commissioner to pass the impugned order of dismissal from service and invalidity of regulation 7 of the Regulations appears to be due to the. fact that the appellant folly realised that none of these pleas could be tenable in view of the aforesaid order No. ( 1) 58 Law Corp. 1 dated April 7, 1958 made by the Commissioner delegating all his powers to the Deputy Commissioner his actual appointment as an Assistant Teacher by the Deputy Commissioner and regulation 7 of the Regulations which far from being repugnant to section/ 95 of the Act is perfectly consistent with it as sub-section ( l) of that section itself makes a municipal employee liable to be compulsorily retired, removed or dismissed etc. by such authority as may be prescribed by the Regulation. The prohibition contained in t!he first proviso to this Sub-section i1> confined in its operation only to a casd where an officer or employee of the Corporation is retired, removed or dismissed by an authority subordinat~ to that by which he was appointed. In the instant case, the appellant's appointment having been made by. the Deputy Commissioner, who possessed plenary powers in that behalf by viirtue of the aforesaid delegation ordeir, there was neither any legal bar to the appellant's dismissal from service by that very authority nor a breach of tho first proviso to sub-section (1) of section 95 of the Act. The decision of this Court in. The Management uf D.T.U. v. Shri B. B. L. Hajelay & Anr.( 1) sought to be relied upon by Mr. Ramamurthi related to an appointment which rested on a deeming provision and is not at all helpful to the appellant. Respondent No. 2 in that case was originally employed as a driver in the Deihi Road: Transport Authority which had been constituted under the Delhi Road Transport Authority Act, 1950. By section 516( l) (a) of the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act, 1957 which came into force in January, 1958, .the Delhi Road Transport Authority Act, 1950, was repealed and the functions of the Delhi Road Transport Authority wore taken over by· the Corporation by virtue of several other provisions of the Act. Under section 511 of that Act i.e. the Delhi :tvlunicipal Corporation Act, 1957, every officer and employee of the Transport Authority including respondent No. 2 stood transferred and become an officer and employee of the Corporation and under section 92(1) (b) read with section 516(2) (a) of the Act, the said respondent was (I) [1973] 2 S.C.R. 114. l j TARA CHAND v. M. CORPN. (Jaswant Singh, J.) 205 to be deemed to have been appointed by the General Manager (Transport). Thr respondent in that case thus being required by fiction of law to be taken to have been appointed by the General Manager, he could nol have been removed from service in May, 1963 hy the Assistant General Manager-an authority subordinate to the General Manager-in view of the first proviso to sub-section (1) of section 95 of the Act despite the fact that the functions of the General Manager had been delegated to the Assistant General Manager in May, 1961. In that case, it was made clear by this Court that the hould indicate in the second notice its concurrence with the conclusions of the enquiring officer before it i>sues the said notice under Article 311 (2). But the question which calls for our decision is it the dismissing authority does not expressly say that it has accepted the findings of the enquiring officer against the delinquent officer, does that introduce such an infirmity in the proceedings as to make _tho final order invalid ? We are not prepared to answer this question in the affirmative. It seems to us that it would be plain to the delinquent officer that the issuance of th(,\ notice indicating the provisional conclusions of the dismissing authority as to the punishment that should be imposed on him obviously and clearly implies that the findings recorded against him by the enquiring officer have been ac1:epted by the dismissing authority; otherwise there would be no sense or purpose in issuing the notice under Article 311(2)." At another place, the Court observed : "We ought, however, to all that if the dismissing authority differs from the findings recorded in the enquiry report, it is necessary that its provisional conclusions in that behalf should be specified in the second notice. It may be that the report makes findings in favour of the delinquent officer, but the dismissing authority disagrees with the said findings and proceeds to issue the notice under Article 311(2). In ; 4 . .. I ' ) ~ ,' ' / TARA CHAND v. M. CORPN. (Jaswant Singh, J.) 207 such a case, it would obviously be necessary that the dismissing authority should expressly state that it differs from the findings recorded in the enquiry report and then indic~e the nature of the action proposed tq be taken against Vhe delinquent officer. Without such an express statement in the notice, it would be impossible to issue the notice at all . There may also be cases in which the enquiry report may make findings in favour of the delinquent officer on some issues and against him on other issues. That is precisely what has happened in the present case. If the dismissing authority accepts all the said findings in their entirety, it is another matter; but if the dismissing authority accepts the findings recorded against the delinquent officer and differs from some or all of those recorded in his favour and proceeds to specify the nature of th~ action proposed to be taken on its own conclusions, it would be necessary that the said conclusions should be brie:fly indicated in the notice. In this category of cases, the action proposed to be taken would be based not only on the findings recorded against the delinquent officer in the enquiry report, but also on the view of the dismissing authority that the other charges not held proved by the enquiring officer are according to the dismissing authority, proved. In order to give the delinquent officer a reasonable opportunity to show cause under Art. 311 (2), it is essential that the conclusions provisionally reached by the dismissing authorty must, in such cases, be specified in the notice. But where the dismissing authority purports to proceed to issue the notice against the delinquent officer after accepting the enquiry report in its entirety, it cannot be said that the dismissing authority must say that it has so accepted the report. As we have already indicated, it is desirable that even in such cases a statement to that effect should be made. But we dd not think that the words in Art. 311 ( 2) justify the view that the failure to make such a statement amounts to contravention of Art. 311 (2). . . . . . . There is no doubt ·that after the report is received, appropriate authority must apply its mind to the report and must provisionally decide whether the findings recorded in the report should be accepted or not. It is only if the findings recorded in the report against the Government servant are accepted by the appropriate authority that it has to provisionally decide what action should be taken against him. But this does not mean that in every case, the appropriate authority is under a constitutional obligation to state in the notice that it has accepted the adverse findings recorded by the enquiring officer before it indicates the nature of the action proposed to be taken against the delinquent officer." I In the instant case, the incorrectness of the first limb of the contention is apparent from a bare reading of the aforesaid order passed A B c D E F G H 208 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1977] 2 S.C.R. A by the Deputy Commissioner on May 20, 1969 which clearly states that he agrees with the findings of the enquiring officer. Reading the order as a whole, it becomes crystal clear tha~ the disciplinary authority· held the charge drawn up against the appellant as proved. . The second limb of the third contention raised on behalf of the B appellant which also overlooks the decisions of the Constitution Bench of this Court does not commend itself to us. In this connection, we would like to make it clear that while it may oe necessary fo1' a c D E F G H disciplinary or administrative authority exercising quasi-judicial functions to state the reasons it\ support of its order if it differs from the conclusions arrived at and the recommendations made by the emquiring officer in view of the scheme of a particular enactment or the rules made thereunder, it would be laying down the proposition a little too broadly to say that even an order of concurrence must be supported by reasons. It cannot also, in our opinion, be laid down as a general rule that an order is a non-speaking order simply because it is brief and not elaborate. Every case, we think, has to be judged in the lil.ght of itsi own facts and circumstances. Reference in this connection may be made witlt advantage to a catena of decisions. In -Simal Kumar Pandit's case (supra) it was categorically laid down by the Constitution Bench o!f this Court that it was not a requirement of Article 311 (2) that irt every case, the punishing authority should in its order requiring the civil servant to show cause give not only the punishment proposed to be inflicted on him but also the reasons for coming to that conclusion. In that case, it wa:; clarified that the view is not justified that the appropriate authority must state its own grounds or reasons for proposing to take any specific action against the delinquent Government servant. In State of Madras v. A. R. Srinivasan(') the Constitution Bench of this Court while repelling the contention advanced on behalf of the respondent that the State Government's order compulsorily retiring him from service was bad ms it did not give reasor,s for accepting the findirtgs of the enquiring tribunal and imposing the penalty of compulsory retirement observed as follows:- "Mr. Setalvad for the respondent attempted to argue that the impugned order gives no reasons why the appellant accepted the findings of the Tribunal. Disciplinary proceedings taken against the respondent, says Mr. Setalvad, are in the nature of quasi-judicial proceedings md when the appellant passed the impugned order against the respondent, it was actirtg in a quasi-judicial character. That being so, the appellant should have indicated some reasons as to why it accepted the findings of the Tribunal, and since no reasons are given, the order should be struck down on that ground alone. We are not prepared to accept the argum~nt. In dealing with the question as to whether it is obiigatory on the C9 A.LR. 1966 S.C. 1827=(1966) 2 S.C.W.R. 524. ; .. ) TARA CHAND v. M. CORPN. (Jaswant Singh, J.) 209 State Government to give reasons in support of the order imposing a penalty on the delinquent officer, we cannot overlook the fact that the disciplinary proceedings against such a delinquent officer begin with an enquiry conducted by an .officer appointed in that behalf. That enquiry is foLowed by a report and the Public Service Commission !s consulte.d · where necessary. Having regard to the matenal which 1s thus made available to the State Government and which is made available to the delinquent officer also, it seems to us somewhat unreasonable to suggest that the State Government must record its reasons why it accepts the findings of the Tribunal. It is conceivable that if the State Government does not accept the findings of the Tribunal which may be in favour of the delinquent officer and proposes to impose a penalty on the delinquent offic_er, it should give reasons whv it differs from the conclusions of the Tribunal, though even in such a case, it is not necessary that the reasons :should be detailed or elaborate. But where the State Government agrees with the findings of the Tribunal which are against the delinquent officer, we do not think as a matter of law, it could be said that the State Government cannot impose the penalty against the delinquent officer in accordance with the findings of the Tribunal unless it gives reasons to show why the said findings were accepted by it. The prpceedings are, no doubt, quasi-judicial, but having regard to the manner in which these enquiries are conducted, we do not think an obligation can be imposed on the State Government to record reasons in every case.'· Jn Som Datt Datta v. Union of India & Ors.(I) while approving the English law and practice and overrufa1g the contention advanced on behalf of the petitioner that the orders of the Chief of the Army Staff confirming the proceedings of the Court-Martial under section 164 of the Army Act and the order of the Central Government dismissing the appeal of the petitioner under section 165 of the Army Act were illegal and ultra vires as they did not give reasons in support df the orders, the Constitution Bench of this Court summed up the legal position as follows : --- Apart from any requirement imposed by the statute or statutory rule either expressly or by necessary implication, there is no legal obligation that the statutory tribunal should give reasons for its decision.. T~ere is also no general principle or any rule of natural 1ust1ce that a statutory tribunal sho~l.d always and in every case give reasons in support of its dec1s1on. In Madhya Prade.ch Industries Ltd. v. Union of India & Ors'.(2) this Court repelled the conten~ion of co?nsel ~or tfie .appellant 1hal. every 0rder appealable under Article 136 of the Conshtut10n must be a speak: .. (I) [1969] S.C.R. 176. tzl /l).'i'>) 1 <;.C.R. 466-A.T.R. 1966 S.C. 671. -1'458SCI/76 A B c D E F G H A B c D E F G H 210 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1977] 2 S.C.R. ing order and the omission to give reasons for the decision is of itself a sufficient gruund ror quashing it and held that an order ot an administrative tnbunal rejecting a revision application cannot be pronounced to be invalid on tne sole ground that u does not give reasons tor rejection. While distinguishing the case of Harinngar Sugar Mills Ltd. v. Sh yam Sunder J hu111hunwala( 1) where the Central Government reversed the decision or the State Government without giving reasons for reversal, this Court pointed out that there was a vital d1tlercnce between the order of reversai by the appellate authority and the order of affirmance by the revising authority and that if the revising authority rejects a revision apphcat10n stating that there was no valid ground for interference with the order of the subordinate authority in such a case, it could not be held !hat tlie order was arbitrary or that there was no trial of the revision application. Subba Rao, J. (as he then was) speaking for himself in that case observed :- "Ordinarily, the appellate or rcvisional tribunal shall give its own reasons succinctly; but in a case of af!irmance where the original tribunal gives adequate reasons, the appellate tribunal may dismiss the appeal or the revision, as the case may be, agreeing with those reasons." In Judicial Revie_w of Administrative Action (Second Edition). Prof. S. A. de Smith has observed at page 418 as follows :- "If the record is incomplete (e.g. because reasons or findings of material fact are omitted), has the court power to order the tribunal to complete its record? It is common ground that the court has no inherent power to co:npel a tribuna1 to give reasons for its decisions. . ....... If, of course, a tribunal is required by statute to declare its reasons or its findings on the material fac1l5, an order of marulamus may be obtained to compel the tribunal to perform its legal duty .... Where a tribunal that is not expressly obliged to give reason~ for its decisions chooses not to give any reawns for a particular decision, it is not permissible to infer on that ·ground alone that its reasons for that decision were bad in law. Even if it gives reasons, which are ex facie insufficient in law to support its decision, the court will not necessarily assume that these are the sole reasons on which the tribu'nal has based its decision. (See Cf. Davies v. Price [1958] 1 Y.L.R. 434 at 440 and R. v. Minister of Hous~ng and Local Gover~ ment, ex. P. Chichester R.D.C. [1960] 1 W.L.R. 587) ." Before concluding th\: discussion in regard to the third contention, we may point out that oone of the decisions viz. Sardar Govindrao &: Ors. v. State of Madha Pradesh(2) Bhagat Raja v. The Union of India & Ors.('!) Travancore Rayon Ltd. v. Union of India(•) Mahabir Prasad Santosh Kumar v. State of U.P. & Ors.(") Rangnath v. Da.ulatrao & Ors. (6) and Siemens Engineering & Manufacturing Company of India Ltd. v. The Union of India(7 ) on which Mr. Ramamurthi has (l) [1962] 2 S.C.R. 339. (2) [1965] 1 S.C.R.673. (3) [1967] 3 S.C.R. 302. (4) [1970] 3 S.C.R. 40. (5) [1971] 1 S.C.R. 201. (6) [1975 · 1 S.C.C. 686. (7) [1976] 2 s.c.c 981. ., • TARA CHAND v. M. CORPN. (Jaswant Singh, J.) 211 heavily leaned has anything to do with disciplinary proceedings. At A such, they have little bearing on the point with Which we are at present concerned. We would also like to point out that the observations in Travancore Rayon Ltd. v. Union of India (supra) that in Bhagat Raja v. The Union of India & Ors. (supra)_, this Court in effect overruled the judgment of the majority in Madhya Pradesh Industries Ltd. v. Union of India & Ors.