# UNION OF INDIA v. OM PARKASH

- **Citation:** [1976] 3 S.C.R. 998
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1976-04-02
- **Bench:** A. C. Gupta, Jaswant Singh
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/union-of-india-v-om-parkash-6860
- **Pages:** 7

## Headnote

Arbitration Act, 1940-Secs. 8, 20, 30, 32, 33-Whether c·ourt appointing an
,urbitrator can further make an order referring disputes to arbitrator-/llvard can
be set aside on the ground of invalidity of reference--Whether "otherwise in~
valid' includes invalid reference.
The respondent, a contractor, entered into 7 agreements with the Union
of India for the construction of a hospital. some buildings and tubewells. In
each one of these agreements there was a clause providing that any dispute
arising between the parties would be referred to an arbitrator. The designations
of the arbitrators were also mentioned in 4 agreements as Director of Farms,
in two agreements as the Officer Commanding, Lucknow. and in one agreement
as the Quartermaster General at Delhi. The offices by reference to which the
arbitrators were mentioned in the agreement were abolished. The respondent,
therefore, made 7 applications in the court of Civil Judge at Meerut under
section 8(2) of the Aribtration Act, 1940, praying for appointment of
an
arbitrator. The Trial Court appointed Col. Ranbir Singh to act as an arbitrator in all the 7 cases and further directed the papers to be sent to him asking
him to give his award within 2 months from that date.
With the consent of
both the parties the arbitrator made some progress.
However, the Government
counsel submitted before the arbitrator that he should not proceed further
since he was not competent to deal with the questions of law arising for decision. Thereafter the, District Judge Meerut transferred the cases to the Judge
of the Small Causes Court at Meen1t presumably on the assumption that the
respondent's application for the appointment of arbitrator were pending.
The
learned Judge of Small Causes Court appointed Director of Farms, General
Headquarters, to act as arbitrator in all the' 7 cases and he was further directed to file his award within one month of the said order. The papers were
then sent to Brig. Bhandari assuming that he was the Director of Farms. Later
on, the respondent applied to the court for review of its order alleging that
the office of the Director of Farms was abolished and, therefore, Brig. Bhandari
could not be the officer mentioned in the order. The respondent did not take
part in the arbitration proceedings but before the respondent could obtain a
stay the arbitrator filed his award in the Court.
The respondent made 7 applications for setting aside the award before the
Small Causes Court, Meerut, which were rejected. Against that. the respond·
ent preferred 7 appeals to the Allahabad High Courf. The High Court allowed the appeals accepting the contention of the respondents that the court was
functus officio after appointing the arbitrator under section 8(2) and had no
jurisdiction to refer the cases to the arbitrator. The High Court held that it
was for the parties to refer the disputes to the arbitrator after he was appointed
by the court and the reference by the court being without jurisdiction the
awards were invalid. The High Court also held that when the court made the
order of. reference there was no post of Director of Farms and as such, Brig.
Bhandari was not competent to act as an arbitrator on the basis of the order
of the Court.
In these appeals by certificate, the appellants challenged the findings of the
High Court.
H
Dismissing the appeals,
HELD : An agreement to submit differences to arbitration implies an agreement to. refer the differences to the arbitrator. Section 8 only empowers the
•
/
•
•.
UNION v. OM PARKASH (Gupta, J.)
999
Court to appoint an arbitrator where the parties do not concur in the appointment.
Section 20 contains provisions for arbitration with the intervention of
a Court where there is no suit pending. This section confers lJOWer on the
court to order the agreement to be filed and further to make an order of reference to_ the arbitrator appointed by the parties or where the parties cannot
agree upon an appointment, to an arbitrator appointed by

## Text

A
B
c
D
E
F
G
998
UNION OF INDIA
v.
OM PARKASH
April 2, 1976
[A. C. GUPTA AND JASWANT SINGH, JJ.]
Arbitration Act, 1940-Secs. 8, 20, 30, 32, 33-Whether c·ourt appointing an
,urbitrator can further make an order referring disputes to arbitrator-/llvard can
be set aside on the ground of invalidity of reference--Whether "otherwise in~
valid' includes invalid reference.
The respondent, a contractor, entered into 7 agreements with the Union
of India for the construction of a hospital. some buildings and tubewells. In
each one of these agreements there was a clause providing that any dispute
arising between the parties would be referred to an arbitrator. The designations
of the arbitrators were also mentioned in 4 agreements as Director of Farms,
in two agreements as the Officer Commanding, Lucknow. and in one agreement
as the Quartermaster General at Delhi. The offices by reference to which the
arbitrators were mentioned in the agreement were abolished. The respondent,
therefore, made 7 applications in the court of Civil Judge at Meerut under
section 8(2) of the Aribtration Act, 1940, praying for appointment of
an
arbitrator. The Trial Court appointed Col. Ranbir Singh to act as an arbitrator in all the 7 cases and further directed the papers to be sent to him asking
him to give his award within 2 months from that date.
With the consent of
both the parties the arbitrator made some progress.
However, the Government
counsel submitted before the arbitrator that he should not proceed further
since he was not competent to deal with the questions of law arising for decision. Thereafter the, District Judge Meerut transferred the cases to the Judge
of the Small Causes Court at Meen1t presumably on the assumption that the
respondent's application for the appointment of arbitrator were pending.
The
learned Judge of Small Causes Court appointed Director of Farms, General
Headquarters, to act as arbitrator in all the' 7 cases and he was further directed to file his award within one month of the said order. The papers were
then sent to Brig. Bhandari assuming that he was the Director of Farms. Later
on, the respondent applied to the court for review of its order alleging that
the office of the Director of Farms was abolished and, therefore, Brig. Bhandari
could not be the officer mentioned in the order. The respondent did not take
part in the arbitration proceedings but before the respondent could obtain a
stay the arbitrator filed his award in the Court.
The respondent made 7 applications for setting aside the award before the
Small Causes Court, Meerut, which were rejected. Against that. the respond·
ent preferred 7 appeals to the Allahabad High Courf. The High Court allowed the appeals accepting the contention of the respondents that the court was
functus officio after appointing the arbitrator under section 8(2) and had no
jurisdiction to refer the cases to the arbitrator. The High Court held that it
was for the parties to refer the disputes to the arbitrator after he was appointed
by the court and the reference by the court being without jurisdiction the
awards were invalid. The High Court also held that when the court made the
order of. reference there was no post of Director of Farms and as such, Brig.
Bhandari was not competent to act as an arbitrator on the basis of the order
of the Court.
In these appeals by certificate, the appellants challenged the findings of the
High Court.
H
Dismissing the appeals,
HELD : An agreement to submit differences to arbitration implies an agreement to. refer the differences to the arbitrator. Section 8 only empowers the
•
/
•
•.
UNION v. OM PARKASH (Gupta, J.)
999
Court to appoint an arbitrator where the parties do not concur in the appointment.
Section 20 contains provisions for arbitration with the intervention of
a Court where there is no suit pending. This section confers lJOWer on the
court to order the agreement to be filed and further to make an order of reference to_ the arbitrator appointed by the parties or where the parties cannot
agree upon an appointment, to an arbitrator appointed by the court. On the
other band, section 8 does not contain any provision empowering th~ court to
make a reference to the arbitrator as one finds in section 20.
Therefore. the
Small Causes Court at Meerut had no jurisdiction after appointing an arbitrator- under section 8 (2) to proceed further to make an order referring the disputes to the arbitrator. [1002D·E, IOOJC.E]
2. Section 30 of the Act sets out the grounds for setting aside an award.
Section 30(c) provides that an award shall not be set aside except when it has
been improperly procured or is otherwise invalid.
The decision of the Privy
Council in the case of Chhabbe Lal v. Kallu Lal and Others holding that an
objection to the validity of a reference to the arbitration did not come within
the provisions of para 15 of the second schedule to the Code of Civil Proce~
dure which provided that no award was to be set aside except on the specific
. grounds- mentioned therein or the award being otherwise invalid cannot apply
to the present case because in the second schedule to the Code of Civil ·Procedure which was repealed bv Arbitration Act of 1940. there was no provision
like section 32 or 33 of the Act.
Section 32 bars the institution of suits concerning arbitration agreements or awards and provides that no arbitration agreement or award shall be set aside. amended, modified or in any way affected
otherwise than as provided in the Act.
Section 33 provides that a party to
an arbitration agreement seeking to challenge the agreement or the award must
do so by making an application to the court. When the second schedule to
the Civil Procedure Code was in force an a\vard made on an invalid reference
could be set aside by filing a suit which was then the appropriate proceeding
but no\v the appropriate proceeding is the filing of an application to the court
as has been made in the present case.
The words 'of is otherwise invalid'
in clause (c) in section 30 are wide enough to cover all forms of invalidity
including invalidity of the reference.
[1003E, H, 1004A-F]
C1v1L APPHLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 1284 to 1290
of 1968.
Appeals from ,'.he Judgments and Decrees dated the 30th July 1962
of the Allahabad High Court in F.A.F.O's Nos. 220 to 226 of 1952.
L. N. Sinha, Solicitor General, G. L. Sanghi,
(In CA 1284/68)
and Girish Chandra, for the Appellants.
S. L. Bhatia and N. K. Puri, for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
GUPTA, J.
These seven appeals by certificate have bee,1 preferred
by the Union of India against a common judgment of the Allahabad
H~
C~urt disposing of seven appeals under section 39(1)(vi) of the
Arbitration Act, 1940. The appeals turn on the true meaning and
scope of sections 8 and 30 of the Act. Section 8 is in these terms :
Power of Court to appoint arbitrator or umpire
"8. ( 1) In any of the following cases-
( a) where an arbitration agreement provides tlmt the reference shall be to one or more arbitrators to be
appointed by consent of the parties, and
all the
partes do not, after differences have arisen
concur
in the appointment or appointments; or
"
A
c
D
E
F
H
1000
A
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1976] 3 S.C.R.
(b) if any appointed arbitrator or umpir1: neglects or refuses to act, or is incapable of acting, or dies, and
the arbitration agreement does not show that it was
intended that the vacancy should not be supplied, and
the parties or the arbitrators, as the case may be, do
not supply the vacancy; or
B
·(c) . where the parties or the arbitrators are required to
appoil:It an umpire and do not oappoint him;
c
D
E
F
G
H
·ally party may serve the other parties or the arbitrators, as the
case may be, with a written notice to concur in the appointment or appointments or in supplying the vacancy.
(2) lf the appointment is not made within fifteen clear
·days after the service of the said 'notice, the Court may, on
the application of the party who gave the notice and after
giving the other parties an opportunity of being heard, appoint an arbitrator or arbitrators or umpire, as the case may
be, who shall have like power to act in the reference and to
make an award as if he or they had been appointed by consent of all parties."
The question that arises for consideration is whether the court !raving
appointed an arbitrator under sub-section (2) of section 8 can proceed
further to make an order of reference to the arbitrator. According to
the respondent the court becomes functus officio after appointing an
arbitrator and has no jurisdiction to refer the matter to him.
The facts leading to the appeals are these. During the last world
war the respondent, a contractor, entered into seven agreements with
the military department of the {ioverament of India for the construction of a hospital,. three other buildings and three tubewells. In each
of these agreements there was a clause providing that any dispute arising between the parties would be referred to an arbitrator. In four
cases the agreements provided for arbitration by the Director of Farms,
General Headquarters, Simla, in two cases the' Officer Commanding,
Luck'now, was to be the arbitrator, and in the. remaining other case,
a Quarter-Master at Delhi was chosen as
the arbitrator. Disputes
having arisen between the parties, the respondent made seven applications in the court of the First Civil Judge, Meerut, under section 8(2)
of the Act stating that the offices by reference to which the arbitrators
were selected in the agreements had been abolished and it was therefore necessary to appoint new arbitrators. In the applications the respondent named several officers praying that ono of them be appointed
. to act an arbitrator "who shall have like power to act in the reference
and to make an award as if he has been appointed by the consent of
the parties". It will be noticed that the prayer repeats the material
portion of sub-section (2) of section 8.
On February 13, 1950 the
court appointed Col. Ranbir Singh whose name was not in the respondent's list, to act as arbitrator in all the seven cases oand further directed the papers to be sent to him, asking; him to give his award within
•
I
•
•
•
UNION V. OM PARKASH (<!_up~, J.)
I OIH
two months from that date. If the respondel11t's contention in. these
appeals is correct that after appointffig an arbitrator under section 8 ( 2)
the court ceases to have jurisdiction and cannot make an order of reference, the further directions given in the order of February 13, 1950
were invalid. However, the question did •not assume importance at
that singe because both sides agreed to submit the disputes to Col.
Ranbir Singh for arbitration.
After the arbitration had made some
progress, Col. Ranbir Singh rtiturned the papers to the court on being
asked not to proceed further by the Government CO)lnsel who thought
that the arbitrator was not competent to deal with the questions of law
arising for decision. After this the District Judge, Meerut, transferred
the cases to the Judge of the Small Cause Court, Meerut, presumably
on the assumption that the respondent's applications for the appointment of an arbitrator were pending. If the respondents contention is
right, this was an erroneous assumption, but no objection was raised at
the time and the Judge of the Small Cause Court by his order dated
February 13, 1951 appointed Director of Farms, General Headquarters, Simla, to act as arbitrator in all the seven cases. In that order
the conrt further directed as follows :
A
B
c
"All these cases should be referred to him for arbitration.
He must file his award within one month of this order."
D
The papers were then sent to Brigadier H. L. Bhandari who was said
to be the officer concerned. The respondent applied to the court on
March 8, 1951 for review of the order alleging tha,t the office of the
Director of Farms, General Headquarters, Simla, had been abolished
and as such Brig. H. L. Bhandari could not be the officer mentioned
E
in the order. The respondent did. not take part in the proceedings before Brig. Bhandari, but before he moved the court on May 4, 1951
for stay of the proceedings before the arbitrator, the latter had made his
awards which were filed. in court on that very day.
The review
application was ultimately dismissed on May 12, 1951.
The respondent made seven applications urging several grounds for
setting aside the awards, but the Judge of the Small Canse Court,
Meerut, overruled all objections and confirmed the awards, and a
decree in terms of the award in each C'ase was passed on May 26, 1952.
Agail1st that order the respondent preferred seven appeals to the
Allahabad High Court. The High Court allowed the appeals accepting the contention that the court was functus officio after appointing
the arbitrator nnder section 8 (2) and had rio jurisqiction to refer the
cases to the arbitrator. The High Court was of the view that it was
for the parties to refer their disputes to the arbitrator after he was
appointed by the court, and the reference by the court beinμ: without
jurisdiction the awards were invalid. The High Court further held
that when the court below made the order of reference there was no
post of Director of Farms, General Headquarters, .Simla in existence
and, as such, Brig. Bhandari was not competent to act as' arbitrator on
the basis of the order dated February 13, 1951. The Union of India
questions the correctness of the High Court's decision in .these appeals.
F
G
H
A
B
c
D
E
F
G
H
I 002
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1976] 3 S.C.R.
The validity of the order of reference depends upon the scope of
section 8 which deals with the power of the court to appoint an arbitrator or umpi_re.
Sulrsecticin (1) of section 8, so far as it is relevant
for the present purpose, provides that if any appointed arbitrator is
incapable of acting, and the arbitration agreement does not show that
it was intended that the vacancy should not be supplied, any party to
the agreement may serve the other parties with a writtei,1 notice to
concur in sullplying the vacancy. Sub-seeition (2) of section 8 lays
down that if no appointment is made within 15 days after the service of
the said notice the court may, on the application of the party who gave
the notice and after giving the o!her parties an. opportunity of b'eing
heard,, appoint an arbitrator or arbitrators "who shall have like powers
to act in the reference and to make an award as if he or they had been
appointed by consent of all parties".
The question is whether, having
made the aJ:>poinlment, the court acting sub-section (2) can also make
an order oCreference to the arbitrator.
The Act contemplates three
kinds of •arbitration: (i) arbitration without intervention of a court,
dealt with in chapter II of the Act which includes section 3 to sectio,1 19; (ii) arbitration with interventon of a court where there is no
suit pending, dealt with in chapter III which consists of only . one
section, viz. section 20; and \iii) arbitration in suits, which is covered
by chapter IV. It is clear from the provisions of chapter II that
after the appointment of arbitrator, the proceedings are to be outside
court, and up to the stage of filing. the award intervention. of court
is nOtt contemplated unless any oc.casion arises requiring the court to
remove the arbitrator under section 11. An agreement to submit
differences to arbitration implies an agreement to refer the differences
to the arbitrator.
Section 8 only empowers the court to appoint an
arbitrator where the parties do not concur in the appointment. Section
20 occurring in chapter III _contains provisions for arbitration with the
intervention of a court where there is no suit pending. Sectioln 20
reads:
·
Application to file in Court arbitration agreement.
"20 (1) Where any persons have entered into an arbitration agreement before the institution of any suit with respect
to the subject-matter of the agreement or any part of it, and
where a differeru:e has arisen to which the agreement apPlies,
they or any of them, instead of proceeding under Chapter
II, may apply to a Court having jurisdiction in the matter
to which the agreement relates, that the agreement be filed
in court.
(2) The application shall be in writing and shall be
numbered and registered as a suit between one or more of
the parties interested or claiming to be interested as plaintiff or plaintiffs and the remainder as defendant or defendants, if the application has been presented by all the parties,
or, if otherwise, between the applicant as plaintiff and the
other parties as defendants.
•
•
/
• \
UNION v. OM PARKASH (Gupta, J.)
1003
(3) On such application being made, the Court shall
direct notice thereof to be given to all parties to the agreement other than the applicants, requiring them to show
cause within the time specified in the notice why the agreement should not be filed.
A
( 4) Where no sufficient cause is shown, ihe Court s!iall
order the agreement to be filed, and shall make an order of
B
reference to the arbitrator appointed by the parties, whether
in the agreement or otherwise, or, where the parties cannot
. agree upon an arbitrator, to an arbitrator appointed by the
Court.
(5) Thereafter the arbitration shall proceed in
accordance with, and shall be governed by, the other provisions
of this Act, so far as they can be made applicable."
C
This section confers power on the court to order the agreement to be
filed and, further, to make an order of reference to the
arbitrator
appointed by the parties, or, where the parties cannot agree upon an
appointment, to an arbitrator appointed by the
court.
Sub-section
( 1) of section 20 makes it plain that the provisions of the section can
be availed of only if no proceeding under chapter II has been initia:'.-
ed. Section 8 does not contain any provision empowering the· court
to make an order of reference to the arbitrator as one finds in subsection ( 4) of section 20.
Thus it seems clear that the court in the
instant cases had no jurisdiction, after appointing an arbitrator under
section 8(2), to proceed further to make an order referring the disputes to the arbitrator.
The question which now arises is whether the awards could be set
aside as invalid because the reference was incompetent.
Section 30
of the Act which sets out the grounds for setting aside an award is in
these terms:-
Grounds for setting aside award.
D
E
"30. An award shall not be set aside except on one or
F
more of the following grounds, namely :
(a) that an arbitrator or umpire has misconducted him-
. self or the proceedings;
(b) that an award has been made after his issue of an
order by the Court superseding the arbitration or
after arbitration proceedings have
become invalid
G
under section 35;
( c) that an award has been improperly procured or is
otherwise invalid."
According to the respondent an award obtained on an invalid reference is also invalid and is covered by clause ( c)
of section 30.
It was argued on behalf of the appellent, on the authority of the
H
Privy Council in Chhabbe La~ v. Kallu Lal and others('), that the
(I) 73 I.A. 52.
A
1004
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
(1976] 3 S.C.R.
words "otherwise invalid" in section 30(c) did not cover a case where
the award was challenged on the gronnd of some invalidity attaching
to anything ontside the award itself. In Chhabbe Lat's case the
Privy Council held that an objection to the validity of a reference to
arbitration did not come within the provisions of paragraph 15 of the
2nd schedule t<;> the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, which provided
· that no award was to be set aside except on the specific grounds menB
tioned therein, or the award "being otherwise invalid". This view
which affirms that of Iqbal Ahmed J.
in his dissenting judgment in
a Full Bench decision of the Allahabad Hii:h Court, Mt. Mariam v.
Ml. Amisa(') was taken in relation ~o an award on a reference .made
in a suit.
Their Lordships observed :
" ...... all the powers conferred on the court in relac
tion to an award on a reference made in a suit presuppose
a valid reference on which an award has been made which
may be open to question. If there is no valid reference,
the purported award is a nullity, and can be challenged in
any appropriate proceeding."
D
E
F
G
H
There was no provision in the 2nd schedule to the Code of Civil
Procedure, which was repealed by the Arbitralion Act,
1940, like
section 32 or section 33 of the Act.
Section 32 bars the institution
of suits concerning arbitration agreements or awards and provides
that no arbitration agreement or award shall bet set aside,, amended,
modified or in anyway affected otherwise than as provided in this Act;
section 33 says that a party to an arbitration agreement seeking to
challenge the agreement or the award must do so by making an application to the court. When the 2nd schedule to the Code of Civil
Procedure was in force, an award made on an invalid reference could
be set aside only by filing a sui,t which was then the
"appropriate
proceeding", but now the proceeding appropriate for the same purpose is an application to the court as the respondent in these cases has
done.
Also, these are cases of arbitration without the intervention of
court, and the observation from the judgment in Chhabe Lal' s case,
quoted above, that a reference in a suit should be presumed to be a
valid reference, does not apply to these cases.
The words "or is
otherwise invalid" in clause ( c) of section 30 are wide enough to
cover all forms of invalidity including invalidity of the reference. We
do not find any reason why the general and unqualified language of
clause ( c) should not include l!n award on an invalid reference which
is a nullity.
The cases cited at the Bar show that all the High Courts
with only one or two exceptions have taken this view.
We hold
therefore that the awards challenged in~ these appeals are nnllities and
have been rightly set aside by the High Court. In the view we have
taken it is not necessary to consider the other que~tion, whether Brig.
Bhandari who made tbe awards was the officer answering the description of Director of Farms, General Headquarters, Simla, to whom
the court had referred the disputes.
In the result the appeals fail and
are dismissed with costs.
One set of hearing fee.
P.H.P.
Appeals dismissed.
(!} A.LR. 1937 All. 65.
•
I