# UNIVERSITY OF DELHI & ANP v. RAM NATH - **Citation:** [1964] 2 S.C.R. 703 - **Court:** Supreme Court of India - **Decided:** 1961-05-01 - **Bench:** P. B. Gajendragadkar, K. N. Wanchoo, K. c. DAS GUPTA - **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/university-of-delhi-anp-v-ram-nath-2954 - **Pages:** 19 ## Headnote Industrial Dispute-Bus drivers in employ of universityWhether "workera"-Education institution, if an 'industry' -Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (14 of 1947), sP. 2 (g), 2 (j) 2 (s), 33c (2). Appellant No, _I, the University of Delhi and Appellant No. 2 Miranda House, a college affiliated to the University, are institutions for education, the predo1ninent activities of these being the imparting of education. At the material time respondent No. l was employed as bus driver under appellant No. 2. Both the respondents were discharged from service by giving separate notices and on payment of one xnonth's salary each in lieu of notice. The respondents by separate petitions appli defined, 1963 Abril I 1963 linit•lfJifJ nf ndhi •• Ham ,\'ath • '70i SUPREl\ilE COURT REPORTS [1964] vat. ]/,/d that having regard to the fact that the work of education is primarily and exclusively carried on with the assistance of the labvur and co-operation of teacher!, the non-inclusion of the \\'hole class of teachers from the definition prescribed bys. 2 (s) has an important bearing and significance in relation to the problem under consideration. It could not have been the policy of the Act that education should l>e treated as industry for the benefit of a very minor and insignificant number of persons who may be employed hy educational institution5 to carry on the duties of the subordinate staff. Readings. 2 (g), (j) and (s) together it is reasonable to hold that the work of education carried on by au educational institution like the University of Delhi is not an indumy within the meaning of the Act. In the main scheme of imparting education, the subordinate staff with function like those of the respondents play such a minor, subsidiary and insignificant pare that it would not be reasonable to allow the work of this subordinate stalT to lend its industrial colour to the principal accivity of che University which is in1parting education. From a rational point of view it would be regarded as inappropriate to describe education cvr.n as a profession. l;',ducatiou in its true as~ct is more of ;1 mission and a vocation rather than a profession or trade or business, however \vide may be the denotation of the two lattc:r words under the Act. The appellants cannot be regarded as carrying on an industry under s. 2 ( j ) and so the application made by the respondents against them under '· 33c (2) of the Act are held to be incompetent. State of Bombay v. 1'he Hospital .\fazdoor Sabha [1960) 2 S. C. R. 8Gf., folil llari Ayurvedic College Pharmacy, l'ilihhit. v. La/it Hari Ayun-edic College l'harmacy IVorkers Union, Pilibhit, A. I. R. 1960 S. C. 1261, The Ahmedahad Textile lnduslr.~'• Re"•arch As .. ociation '"The Stale of Jlomhay, [1961] 2 S. C.R. 481, The Federated Stat•; Sch ## Text 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 709 UNIVERSITY OF DELHI & ANP. v. RAM NATH (P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, K. N. WANCHOO and K. c. DAS GUPTA JJ.) Industrial Dispute-Bus drivers in employ of universityWhether "workera"-Education institution, if an 'industry' -Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (14 of 1947), sP. 2 (g), 2 (j) 2 (s), 33c (2). Appellant No, _I, the University of Delhi and Appellant No. 2 Miranda House, a college affiliated to the University, are institutions for education, the predo1ninent activities of these being the imparting of education. At the material time respondent No. l was employed as bus driver under appellant No. 2. Both the respondents were discharged from service by giving separate notices and on payment of one xnonth's salary each in lieu of notice. The respondents by separate petitions appli defined, 1963 Abril I 1963 linit•lfJifJ nf ndhi •• Ham ,\'ath • '70i SUPREl\ilE COURT REPORTS [1964] vat. ]/,/d that having regard to the fact that the work of education is primarily and exclusively carried on with the assistance of the labvur and co-operation of teacher!, the non-inclusion of the \\'hole class of teachers from the definition prescribed bys. 2 (s) has an important bearing and significance in relation to the problem under consideration. It could not have been the policy of the Act that education should l>e treated as industry for the benefit of a very minor and insignificant number of persons who may be employed hy educational institution5 to carry on the duties of the subordinate staff. Readings. 2 (g), (j) and (s) together it is reasonable to hold that the work of education carried on by au educational institution like the University of Delhi is not an indumy within the meaning of the Act. In the main scheme of imparting education, the subordinate staff with function like those of the respondents play such a minor, subsidiary and insignificant pare that it would not be reasonable to allow the work of this subordinate stalT to lend its industrial colour to the principal accivity of che University which is in1parting education. From a rational point of view it would be regarded as inappropriate to describe education cvr.n as a profession. l;',ducatiou in its true as~ct is more of ;1 mission and a vocation rather than a profession or trade or business, however \vide may be the denotation of the two lattc:r words under the Act. The appellants cannot be regarded as carrying on an industry under s. 2 ( j ) and so the application made by the respondents against them under '· 33c (2) of the Act are held to be incompetent. State of Bombay v. 1'he Hospital .\fazdoor Sabha [1960) 2 S. C. R. 8Gf., folil llari Ayurvedic College Pharmacy, l'ilihhit. v. La/it Hari Ayun-edic College l'harmacy IVorkers Union, Pilibhit, A. I. R. 1960 S. C. 1261, The Ahmedahad Textile lnduslr.~'• Re"•arch As .. ociation '"The Stale of Jlomhay, [1961] 2 S. C.R. 481, The Federated Stat•; School Teachers' A• .. ociation of Australia v. State of Victoria, [ 1929) 41 C. L. R. 569 and 1'he Corporation of the City of NIV)pur v. It" Employe"', [1960) 2 S. C.R. 942, Case-Jaw reviewed. CrvrL APPELLATE JumsnWTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 650 and 651 of 1962. Appeals by special leave from the order dated September 22 .. 1961 of the Labour Court, Delhi, in I.. C. A No. 4 79 of l!l6l. 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 705 M. 0. Selal!!ad. K. K. Raizada. B. K. Jain and A.G. Ratnaprtrk!ti, for the appellants. Janardan Sharmri, for the respondents. S. P. V11rma, for Intervener No. 1. T. R. Bhrtsin, S. C. Malik. Sushma Malik and lJhejahil Malik, for intervener No. 2. 1963. April 1. Th~ Judgment of the Court was delivered by 1963 Universi('I of Delhi v. Ram Nath GAJENDRAGADKAR .J.-These two appeals by Cajendr11:adkar J, special leave arise out of two petitions filed against the University of Delhi and Principal, Miranda House, University College for Women, appellants 1 and 2, by two of their employees Ram Nath and Asgar Masih, respondents 1 & 2 respectively, under section 33C (2) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 { 14 of 194 7) (hereinafter called 'the Act'). Appellant No. 2 which is the University College for women is run by appellant No. 1, and so, in substance, the claim made by the two employees was mainly against appellant No. 1. Ram Nath's case was that he had been· employed as driver by . appellant No. 2 in October, 1949 and was served with a notice on May 1, 1961, that since his services were no longer required, he would be discharged from his employ- . ment on payment of one month's salary in lieu of notice. Asgar Masih made substantially similar allegations. He had been employed in the first instance, by appellant No. 1 as driver but was then transferred to appellant No. 2 on October 1, 1949. His servic~s were similarly terminated by notice on May I, 1961 on payment of one month's salary in advance in lieu of notice. It is common ground that appellant No. l found that running the buses for the convenience of the girl students attending the college run by appellant No. 2 resulted in loss, and so, it w..ts 1963 Unit:t 5i{y oj Dtlhi .. R:vn ;\'ath 706 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1964] VOL. decided to discontinue that amenity. Inevitably, the services of the two drivers had to be retrenched, and so, there is no dispute that the retrenchment is genuine and there is no element of malafides or unfair labour practice involved in it. It is also common ground that if the employees are workmen "'.ithin the meaning of the· Act, and the work carried on by the appellants is an industry under s. 2(j), section 2iiF has not been complied with and retrenchment amount payable under it has not been paid to the respondents. The petitions made by the respondents were resisted by appellant :i'\o. l on the preliminary ground that appellant No. I was not an employer under s. 2(g), that the work carried on by it was not an industry under s. 2(j), and so, the applications made under section 33C(2) were incompetent. The Tribunal has rejected this preliminary objection and having con· sidered the merits, has passed an order in favour of the respondents directing the appellants to pay ·Rs. lO.JO/- to each one of the respondents as retrenchment compensation. It is the validity of this award that is challenged before us by the appellants, and the 0:1ly ground on which the challenge is made is that the work carried on by appellant No. l is not an industry under s.2(j). Though the question thus raised by these two appeals lies within a narrow compass, its importance is very great. If it is held that the work of imparting education conducted by educational institutions like the University of Delhi is an industry under s. 2(j), all ti1e educational institutions in the country may be brought within the purview of the Act and disputes arising between them and their employees would be industrial disputes which can be referred for adjudication under section l 0 ( l) of the Act and in appropriate cases, applications can be made by the employees under s. 33C(2). The appellants contend that the Tribunal was in error in giving the definition of the word 'industry' under s. 2 (j) its widest 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 707 denotation by adopting a mechanical and literal rule of construction and it iS u•ged 1hat the policy of 1he Act clearly is to leave educa1ion and educational institut.ions. out of the purview of the Act. On the other band, the respondents contend that s. 2(j) has defined the word 'industry' deliberately in words of widest amplitude and there is no justi· fication for putting any artificial restraint on the meaning of the said word as defined. In support of this argument, reliance is placed on the decision of this court in the State of Borrlbay v. The Ho8pital Mazdoor Sabha (1). In that case, this Court observed that "as a working principle, it may be stated that an activity systematically or habitually undertaken for the production or distribu· tion of goods or for the rendering of material services to the community at large or a part . of such com· munity wi1h the help of employees is an undertaking. Such an activity generally involves the co-operation of the employer and the employees; and its object is the satisfaction of material human needs .. It must be organised or arranged in a manner in which trade or bu•iness is generally organised or arranged. It must not be causal nor must it be for oneself, nor for pleasures." The argument is that the concept or 'service' which is expressly included in the defini· tion of 'industry' need not be confined to material· service and ought to be held to include even educa· tional or cultural service, and in that sense educational work carried on. by the University of Delhi held to be an industry. Having regard to the fact that the word 'industry' as defined in the Act takes within its sweep any calling or service or employment, it canriot be denied that there is prima facie some force in the ar~ument urged by the respondents, but in testing the validity of this argument, it will immediately become necessary to enquire whether the work ( 1) (1960] 2 8. C. R. 866, 879. 1963 U,,ivtrsity of Delhi .. Ram .hath GoJ~nd1cgadkar J. 1963 Unii:1rJi~'i of Dtllri y, R'lm Nath GaienJ,agc.·.iKar }, 708 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1964) VOL. carried on by an educational institution can be said to be work carried on by it with the assistance of labour or co·operation of teachers. The main function of educational institutions is to impart education to students and if it is held that the imparting of education is industry in reference to which the educational institution is the employer, it must follow that the teachers who co-operate with the institution and assist it with their labour in imparting education are the employees of the institution, and so, normally, one would expect that the teachers would be employees who would be entitled to the benefits of the Act. The co-operation of the employer and the employees, or, in other words, the co-operation between capital and labour to which reference is always made by industrial adjudication must, on the respondents' contention, find its parallel in the co-operation between the educational institution and its teachers. It would, no doubt, sound somewhat strange that education should be described as industry and the teachers as workmen within the meaning of the Act, but if the literal construction for which the respondents contend is accepted, that consequence must follow. If the scheme of the Act and the other relevent considerations necessarily lead to the said consequence, the Court will have to accept the respond~nts' con· tention notwithstanding the fact that it does not fit in with the generally accepted sense of the word 'industry'. Does the concept of co-operation between teachers and their institution being treated as simliar to the co·opration between Jabour and capital fit in with the scheme of the Act '! That is inevitably the next question which we must consider and in doing so, three definitions will have to be borne in mind. Section 2 (g) (i) defines an 'employer' as meaning in relation to an industry carried on by or under the authority of any department of the Central - 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 709 Government or a State Government, the authority prescribed in this behalf, or where no authority is prescribed, the head of the department; and s. 2(g)(ii) provides that an employer means in relation to an industry carried on by or on behalf of a local authority, the chief executive officer of that authority. If the work of imparting education is • an industry, the University of Delhi may have to be regarded as an employer within the meaning of s. 2 (g). Section 2 (j) defines an 'industry' as meaning any business, trade, undertaking, manufacture or calling of employers and includes any calling, service, employment, handicraft, or industrial occupation or avocation of workmen. It is unnecessary to comment on this definition, because the precise scope of this definition is the very subject matter of the dispute which we are considering. That takes us to the definition of "workman" prescribed by s. 2 (s). A workman under the said definition means, inter alia, any person, including an apprentice, employed in any industry to do any skilled or unskilled manual, supervisory, technical or clerical work for hire or reward. It is common ground that teachers employed by educational institutions, whether the said institutions are imparting primary, secondary, collegiate or postgraduate education, are not workmen under s. 2(s), and so, it follows that the whole body of employees with whose co-operation the work of imparting education is carried on by educational institutions do not fall within the purview of s. 2(s), and any disputes between them and the institutions which . employed tqem are outside the scope of the Act. In other words, if imparting education is an industry under s. 2(j), the bulk of the employees being outside the purview of the Act, the only disputes which can fall within the scope of the Act are those which arise between such institutions and their subordinate staff, the members of which may fall under s. 2(s). In our 1963 UniverJity of Delhi v. Ram J'{cth Gojendragadkar I• 1963 UnfrtTJit)' •f Dtlhi v. Ram Nath 710 SU PRE.ME COURT REPORTS [l\HH] VOL. opinion, having regard to the fact that the work of education is primarily and exclusively carried on with the assistance of the labour and co·operation of teachers, the omission of the whole class of teachers from the definition prescribed by s. 2(s) has an important bearing and significance in relation to the ·problem which we are considering. It could not have been the policy of the Act that education should be treated as industry for the benefit of a very minor and insignificant number of persons who may be employed by educational institutions to carry on the duties of the subordinate staff. Reading ss. :!(g), (j) and (s) together, we are inclined to hold that the work of education carried on by educational institutions like the University of Delhi is not an industry within the meaning of the Act. Having reached this conclusion, it may be legitimate to observe that it is not surprising that the Act should have excluded education from its scope, because the distinctive purpose and object of education would make it very difficult to assimilate it to the position of any trade, busi11ess or calling or service within the meaning of s. 2(j). Education seeks to build up the personality of the pupil by assisting his physical, intellectual, moral and emotional development. To speak of this educational process in terms of industry sounds so completely incongruous that one is not surprised that the Act has deliberately so defined workman under s. 2(s) as to exclude teachers from its scope. Under the sense of values recognised both by the traditional and conservative as well as the modern and progressive n-::ial outlook; teaching and teachers are, no doubt, assigned a high place 'of honour and it is obviously necessary and desirable that teaching and teachers should receive the respect that is due to them. A proper sense of values would naturally hold teaching and teachers in high esteem, though power or wealth may not be associated with them. It cannot be denied 2 S.C.ll. SUEREME COURT REPORTS 711 that the concept of social justice i.s wide enough to include teaching and teachers, and the requirement that teachers should receive proper emoluments and other amenities which is esse.iitially based on social justice cannot be disputed; but the effect of excluding teachers from s. 2(s) is only this that the remedy available for the betterment of their financial prospects does not fall under the Act. It is well known that Education Departments of the State Governments as well as the Union Government, and the Universitv Grants Commission carefully consider this problem and assist the teachers by requiring the payment to them of proper scales of pay and by insisting on the fixation of other reasonable terms and conditions of service in regard to teachers engaged in primary and secondary education and collegiate education which fall under their respective jurisdictions. The position nevertheless is clear that any problems connected with teachers and their salaries are outside the purview of the Act, and since the teachers from the sole class of employees with whose co-operation education is imparted by educational institutions, their exclusion from the purview of the Act necessarily corroborates the conclusion that education itself is not without its scope. In this connection, it would be material to examine . the composition of the University of Delhi. This University has been established and incorporated as a teaching and affiliating University under the Delhi University Act, 1922 (No. 8 of 1922). The organisation of this University consists of the Officers· of the University, such as the Chancellor, the ProChancellor, the Vice-Chancellor, the Treasurer, the Registrar, the· Deans of Faculties and others, and its authorities, such as the Court, the executive Council, the Academic Council, the Finance Committee, the Faculties and others vide sections 8 and 17. These authorities are composed of the teachers in the University who are classifie.d as Professors, Readers 196'1 UriiverJity of Delhi v. Ram Noth Gajendragar Sabha ('). In that case, this Court considered somewhat elaborately the implications of the definition prescribed by s. 2 (j), but it was expressly stated that the Court was not then expressing any opinion (I) [1960) 2 S. C. R. 866, 879. 19(3 llniversity of D1/hi v. Rom .Nt1th . . 19•3 L'11icns1t~ of Dalhi v. Ram Nath G•jendragadlrar J. 714 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1964] VOL. on the question as to whether n;nning an educational institution Wvuld be an industry under the . Act. A similar statement was made in the case of Lalit Hari Ayurnedic ColleiJe Pharmacy,. Pilibhit v. Lalit./lari Ayurvcdic Col/eye Pharmacy Workers Unian, Pilibhit ('). Having held that on the broad facts proved in that case, there was no doubt that the activity of the appellant was an undertaking under s. 2(j l, the Court proceeded to add that it was not called upon to decide whether running an educational institution would be an industry under the Act. In the Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association v. The State of Bombay ('), while discussing the question as to the character of the work undertaken by the Research Association, this Court took the precaution of observing that the activities of the Association had little in common with the activities of what may be called a purely educational institution. It wou Id thus be noticed that in holding that the Research Association was carrying on an industry, this Court emphasised the fact that its work was distinct and separate from the work of an institution which carries on purely educational activities. The question thus left open has been 'raised by the present appeals for our decision. It is, however, argued by the respondents that in the Hospital Jfazdoor Sabha case ('), this Court in ·terms, has approv~d of the minority judgment of Isaacs J. in The Federated State School Teachers' Association of Australia v. 'l'he Suite of Victoria (~), and since Isaacs J. held that the dispute raised by the teachers in that case amounted to an industrial dispute, it would follow that this Court by implication, has expressed its concurrence with the conclusion of Isaacs]. This argument is not (I) A.LR. 1960 S.C. 1261. 131 [1960J 2 s.c.R. 866, 879. 121 [195112 s.c.R. 4BI. (4) [1929] 41 C.L.R. 569. 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 715 well founded. It is true that in the Hospital Jlazdoor Sabha case (1), this Court expressed its · general approval with the social philosophy to which Isaacs]. gave expression in his dessenting judgment in dealing with the scope and effect of the definition prescribed by s. 2 (j ) in our Act ; but it deliberately took the precaution of making a specific statement that though the general views expressed by Isaacs J. appeared to the Court to be acceptable, the Court should not be understood as having concurred in his final conclusion in regard to the character of educational activities carried on by educational institutions. The observation made in the judgment leaving open that question was not a casual or an accidental observation ; it was made deliberately to avoid a possible argument in future that the said judgment impliedly accepted the conclusion of Isaacs J. Therefore, the approval given to the general views express< d by Isaacs, J. in that case does not necessarily mean that his final conclusion was accepted. Let us then briefly notice the effect of the decision of the Australian High Court in the case of the Federated State School 'Pea.chers' Association of Australia (2). The dispute in that case was in re~ard to the wages and conditions of service and it had been raised by teachers employed by the States in their various schemes of national education and a point which arose for decision was whether the educational activities of the States carried on under the appropriate statutes and statutory regulations of each State relating to education constituted an indnstry within the meaning of section 4 of the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 1904-28. The majority decision was that the occupation of the teachers so employed was not an "industrial" occupation, and that the dispute which existed between the States and the teachers employed by them was, therefore, not an "industrial dispute" (I) ll960J 2 S.C.R. 866. 879, l2) [1929) 41 c.L.R. 569, 1963 Universi~, of Delhi •• Ram Noth .Gajentfragadkar J.· 1963 Unir1rsity ()j Dtllii •• lla'n Aatlr Gajtntlragat!kar J. 716 SUPREME COlJR T REPORTS [l!JM] VOL. within section :il of the Constitution. According to the majority decision, "If the carrying on a system· of public education is not within the sphere of industrialism. those who confine their efforts to that activity cannot be engaged in an industry or in an industrial occupation or pursuit." (pp. 575-576). The argument that if the said activity was carried on by a private person, it would be described as a business, trade or industry, was repelled with the answer that "a private person could no more carry on this system of public education that he could carry on His Majesty's Treasury or any of the other executive departments of Government; and if he were authorised to do so, which was almost inconceivable, then he would no more carry on an industry than the State does now." (p. 575). Rich J., who concurred with the majority opinion, observed that "teaching docs not, like banking and insurance, flay a part in the scheme of national industria activity" (p. 591) and he rejected the view expressed by Isaacs, J., that education played a direct part in the promotion of industry, because he thought that an industrial system could exist without national education. "The existence of human beings," observed the learned Judge, ·is no doubt neccessary but it is absurd to suggest that everything that goes to make the man forms a part of the community industrially organised with a view to the production and distribution of wealth." (p. 592). Isaacs, J., however, struck a strong note of dissent. With the general observations made by Isaacs, J., in regard to.the scope of industrial disputes this Court has already expressed its concurrence, but, with respect, it is not easy to accept the theory of the learned Judge that .education provided by the State in that case constituted in itself an independent industrial operation as a service rendered to the community (p. 588). Similar comment falls to be made in regard to another observation of the learned Judge that there is at least as much reason for including the educational - 2 s.c.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 717 establishments in the constitutional power as labour services, as there is to include insurance companies as cap.ital services. The learned Judge thought that "in that ·compound process, two facts emerge with respect to education. One is that industrial educa · tion is less and less left to apprenticeship systems and the other is that the efficiency of the worker is generally directly affected by his education." (pp. 588 & 589). We are inclined to think that the comment made by Rich, J., on this . reasoning of Isaacs, J., is not without force. There is, besides, another point which has to be borne in· mind in appreciating the effect of this Australian decision. Under the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 1904-34, the definition of the word "employee" is wider than that of the definition of the word "workman" under s. 2 (s) of our Act. The 'employee' under the Australian Act means any employee in any industry and includes any person whose usual occupation is that of employee in any industry. It would appear that teachers wou Id fall under the definition of "employees", and so, the definitions of the words "industry", "industrial disputes" and "industrial matters" would naturally be wide enough to take in the cases of disputes raised by teachers in regard to industrial matters, such as wages, hours relating to work, retrenchment and others. Thus, it is clear that the main difficulty which arises from the defini· tion of workman prescribed by s. 2(s) in our Act did not arise under the ·definition of employee in the Australian Act, and that is undoubtedly one important point of distinction. Therefore, we do not think that much assistance can be drawn from the minority decision of Isaacs, J., in answering the problem which the appellants have raised before us in the present appeals. The respondents, however, contend that there is a recent decision of this Court which supports 1963 University of Delhi Vo Ram Nath Gajtnrlragadke.r /. .. 196S Unii-trJi~r 1:f Delhi •• Ram ftath 718 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1964] VOL. the view taken by the Tribunal that the work carried on by the appellants amounts to an industry under s. 2(j). In The Corporatian of the City of Nagpur V. Its Employees, (') the question which arose for the decision of this Court was whether and to what extent the municipal activities of the Corporation of Nagpur City fell within the term "industry" as defined by s. 2(14) of the C.P. and Berar Industrial Disputes Settlement Act. l 94i. It appears that disputes has arisen between the Corporation and its employees in various departments and in an adjudication by the State Industrial Court it was held that the Corporation and all its departments were covered by the definition of "industry" prescribed by s.2(14). The award thus passed by the State Industrial Court was challenged by the Corporation before the High Court by a writ petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution. The High Court rejected the Corporation's plea that its activities did not constitute an industry, but remanded the case to the Industrial Court for determining which of the departments of the Corporation fell within the definition. After remand, the Industrial Court found all the departments of the Corporation to constitute an industry, except five. Against the said award, the Corporation came to this Court by special leave. No appeal was, however, preferred by the employees in respect of the five departments which were excluded from s.2(14) by the award. The appeal preferred by the Corporation failed and this Court added that the finding of the Industrial Court excluding five departments from the definition under s.2(14) need not be examined, since it had not been challenged by the employees. That, in substance, is the ciecision of this Court. It would be noticed that tht> main arg1Jment which was urged on behalf of the Corporation was that its activities were regal or governmental in Character, and so, it was entirely outside the purview of the (I) (196!•] 2 S.C.R. 942. .. 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 719 Berar Act. This argument was carefully examined. It was conceded that the regal functions described as primary and inalienable functions of the State are outside the' purview of the Berar Act and if they are delegated to a Corporation, they would be excluded from s. 2 (14), but the Court held that these regal functions must be confined to legislative power, administration of law and judicial power. That is how the broad· and main argument urged by the Corporation was rejected. Dealing with the work carried on by the several departments of the Corporation, this Court observed that if a service rendered by an individual or a private person would be an industry, it would equally be an industry in the hands of a corporation, and it held that if a department of a municipality discharges many functions, some pertaining to industry as defined in the Act and other non-industrial activities, the predominant functions of the department shall be the criterion for the purposes of the Act. Amongst the departments which were then examined was the education department under which the corporation looked after the primary education of the citizens within its limits. In connection with this department, it was observed that the service rendered by the department could be done by private persons, and so, the subordinate menial employees of the department came under the definition of em.ployees and would be entitled to the benefits of the Act. · Reading the Judgment as a whole there can be no doubt that the question as to whether educational. work carried on by educational institutions like the University of Delhi which have been formed primarily and solely for the purpose of imparting education amounts to an industry within the meaning of s.2 (14), was not argued before the Court and was not really raised in.that form. The main attack against the aw;trd proceeded on the basis that what the 1963 Universi~'1 of Dtlhi v. Ram Nath Gajendr~gadkar J. • 1903 [/niversiry oj Delhi •• Ram Jlfath Gaiend1agadkar J. 720 SUPREME COURT REPORTS L 1964) VOL. Corporation was doing through its several depart· ments was work which could be regarded as regal or governmental, and as such, was outside the purview of the Act, and that argument was rejected. The other point which is also relevant is that one of the tests laid down by this Court was that if a department was carrying on predominantly industrial activities, the fact that some of its activities may not be industrial did not matter. Applying the same test to the Corporation as a whole, the question was examined and the inclusion of the education depart· ment in the award was upheld. It would thus be clear that if the test of the character of the predominant activity of the institution which was applied to the Corporation is applied to the University of Delhi, the answer would be plainly against the respondents. The predominant activity of the University of Delhi is outside the Act, brc"ause teaching and teachers connected with it do not come within its purview, and so, the minor and incidental activity carrir.d on by the subordinate staff which may fall within the purview of the Act cannot alter the predominant character of the institution. It would be recalled that in , the case of the Hospital Mazdoor Sabha ('), the question about. educational institutions was deliberately and expressly lefr open, and if the said question was intended to be decided in the case of the Corporation of the City of N11gpur (2), naturally more specific argu· ments would have been urged and the problem would have been examined in all its aspects. In· ddentally, we may add that the Bench that left the question open in the case of Hospital Mavloor Sabha (1) was the same Bench which heard the case of the Corporation of the City of Nagpur and the two matters were argued soon after each other, though the judgment in the first case was delivered on January 29, 1960, and that in the latter case on Ol 119so12 s.c.a. 866, 879, t2) (1960] 2 S.C. R, 942, 2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 721 February 10, 1960. We are making these observations with a view to emphasise the fact that the question which has been raised for our decision in the present appeals was not raised, nor argued, in the case of the Corporation of the City of Nagpur and cannot, therefore, be said to have been decided even incidentally only by reason of the fact that amongst the departments which were held to have been pro· perly included in the award was the education department of the Corporation. If we had been satisfied that the said judgment had decided this point, we would either have followed the said decision, or would have referred the question to a larger Bench. In the result, the appeals are allowed, the orders passed by the Industrial Tribunal are set aside and the petitions filed by the respondents under s. 33 C (2) of the Act are disinissed. There would be no order as to costs. Appeals allowed. 1963 Unir!ersity of Otlki v. R•m Nath GajtnirngaJkar J