# YESHWANTRAO LAXMANRAO GHATGE & ANR v. BABURAO BALA Y ADAV AND ORS

- **Citation:** [1978] 2 S.C.R. 814
- **Court:** Supreme Court of India
- **Decided:** 1978-02-09
- **Case number:** Civil Appeal No. 968 of 1968
- **Bench:** N. L. Untwalia, P. S. Kailasam
- **Source:** https://unisonlegal.in/judgment/supreme-court-of-india/yeshwantrao-laxmanrao-ghatge-anr-v-baburao-bala-y-adav-and-ors-7434
- **Pages:** 6

## Headnote

Limitation Act (Act IX), 1908-Section 28, and Articles 134, 134A, 1348,
142 and 144-EUect of Section 28.
Bombay Public Trusts Act, 1950, S. 52A (as introduced by Bombay Act 23
of 1955) whether S. 52A, under which there is no lin1itation for recovery of the
properties of a Public Trust in accordance with the Act would revive the extinguished right to the property-Scope of S.52A.
Properties IA to 1 H \Vere either purcha.sed or endowed in the name o1 the
deity Shri Vithal Rakhumai Dev by one Ambabai. One Pandurang Babaji Pawar
was ~ppointed as the manager (Vahivatdar) and one Bala Appa Yadav was
appointed as a servant of the deity.
On 1-6-1905, Ambabai executed a sa1e
deed in respect of al! the suit properties except property 1 E in favour of Pan.
durang and Bala.
On 23-6-1907, Ambabai executed a second will reiterating
that Pandurang and Bala as the Yahivatdar and the servant respectively.
After
the death of Ambabai on 12-3-1910, the properties were partitioned.
Pandurang
got property at IC and Bala the rest.
Pandurang died on 13-2-1911 and thereafter there were several transfers of the properties.
The property at 1 E came
in possession of plaintiff/appellant No. 1 who claimed to be the Vahivatdar and
hereditary trustee of the deity.
Plaintiff No. 1 treated the property at 1 E as
his own and sold it on 17-9-1947 to original defendant Nos. 2 and 3.
The plaintiffs instituted a suit in 1961 under section 50 and 51 of the Bomhay Public
Trusts Act, 1950, attacking the sales made in the years 1905 and 1947 as being
void and not binding on the deity. The trial Court treating the suit as one filed
by the deity held that the properties were endowed to the deity; the sale deeds
were obtained by undue influence, without legal necessity and were not for the
benefit of the Devasthan and hence not binding on the devasthan; the purchasers'
possession over the Jand sold was therefore void and adverse." The suit was
however dismissed on the ground that it was barred by. limitation. In appeal,
the finding of the trial Court in respect of property at 1 E alone was assailed
without success.
Dismissing the appeal by special leave, the Court
HELD : ( 1) The law of limitation fixing a period of limitation for the
initiation of any suit or proceeding is a procedural law and not a substantive
one. If the claim was not barred and the right to the property was not extinguished when Section 52A came into force, then a snit h1stituted, thereafter
could not be defeated under any of the Articles of the Limitation Act, 1908 or
even of the new Limitation Act of 1963.
In express terms, Section 52A overrides the provisions of the Limitation Act including the provisions in Section 28
()f the Limitation Act, 1908.
The overriding effect of Sec. 52A will have its play
and operation, on\y if, by the time it ca?1e into fi;>rce Section 28 had not extinguished the right 10 the property in question.
Sectti;:in 52A cannot have the effect
of reviving an extinguished and lost claim and giving life to a dead horse.
[917 D··FJ
·Mahant Biseshwar Dass v. Sashinath Jhan and Ors. A.l.R. 1943 Pat. 289 and
Bairam Chunnilal and Ors. v. Durga Lal Shivnarain. A.LR. 196?. Madhya Pradesh, 81; appro_yed.
Mst. Allah Rakhi and Ors. v. Shah Mohammad Abdur
Rahim and Ors.,
A.LR. 1934 PC 77, referred to
Dev Chavate and Anr. v. Ganesli Mahadeo Deshpande and Anr .• A. I. R.
1970 Bombay, 412, distinguished.
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YESHWANTRAO v. BABURAO ( Untwalia, !.)
815
(2) The effect of Section 28 of the Limitation Act, 1908 is not only to bar
the remedy but also to extinguish the right.
[817 Bl
(3) In the instant case, the effect o~ Se~tion 28 of. the. Limitation Act was
that the right to the property was exttngu.1shed res~lhng 1n conferment of a
·title by adverse possession on the persons 1n possession ~f the co~cerned pro·
perties.
Uy such ad.verse po~session .those. who had coqie in. poss~ss1.on _of these
properties had acquired an 1ndefeas1ble title under the Indian L1m1tatlon Act,
1908

## Text

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814
YESHWANTRAO LAXMANRAO GHATGE & ANR.
v.
BABURAO BALA Y ADAV AND ORS.
February 9, 1978
(N. L. UNTWALIA AND P. S. KAILASAM, JJ.J
Limitation Act (Act IX), 1908-Section 28, and Articles 134, 134A, 1348,
142 and 144-EUect of Section 28.
Bombay Public Trusts Act, 1950, S. 52A (as introduced by Bombay Act 23
of 1955) whether S. 52A, under which there is no lin1itation for recovery of the
properties of a Public Trust in accordance with the Act would revive the extinguished right to the property-Scope of S.52A.
Properties IA to 1 H \Vere either purcha.sed or endowed in the name o1 the
deity Shri Vithal Rakhumai Dev by one Ambabai. One Pandurang Babaji Pawar
was ~ppointed as the manager (Vahivatdar) and one Bala Appa Yadav was
appointed as a servant of the deity.
On 1-6-1905, Ambabai executed a sa1e
deed in respect of al! the suit properties except property 1 E in favour of Pan.
durang and Bala.
On 23-6-1907, Ambabai executed a second will reiterating
that Pandurang and Bala as the Yahivatdar and the servant respectively.
After
the death of Ambabai on 12-3-1910, the properties were partitioned.
Pandurang
got property at IC and Bala the rest.
Pandurang died on 13-2-1911 and thereafter there were several transfers of the properties.
The property at 1 E came
in possession of plaintiff/appellant No. 1 who claimed to be the Vahivatdar and
hereditary trustee of the deity.
Plaintiff No. 1 treated the property at 1 E as
his own and sold it on 17-9-1947 to original defendant Nos. 2 and 3.
The plaintiffs instituted a suit in 1961 under section 50 and 51 of the Bomhay Public
Trusts Act, 1950, attacking the sales made in the years 1905 and 1947 as being
void and not binding on the deity. The trial Court treating the suit as one filed
by the deity held that the properties were endowed to the deity; the sale deeds
were obtained by undue influence, without legal necessity and were not for the
benefit of the Devasthan and hence not binding on the devasthan; the purchasers'
possession over the Jand sold was therefore void and adverse." The suit was
however dismissed on the ground that it was barred by. limitation. In appeal,
the finding of the trial Court in respect of property at 1 E alone was assailed
without success.
Dismissing the appeal by special leave, the Court
HELD : ( 1) The law of limitation fixing a period of limitation for the
initiation of any suit or proceeding is a procedural law and not a substantive
one. If the claim was not barred and the right to the property was not extinguished when Section 52A came into force, then a snit h1stituted, thereafter
could not be defeated under any of the Articles of the Limitation Act, 1908 or
even of the new Limitation Act of 1963.
In express terms, Section 52A overrides the provisions of the Limitation Act including the provisions in Section 28
()f the Limitation Act, 1908.
The overriding effect of Sec. 52A will have its play
and operation, on\y if, by the time it ca?1e into fi;>rce Section 28 had not extinguished the right 10 the property in question.
Sectti;:in 52A cannot have the effect
of reviving an extinguished and lost claim and giving life to a dead horse.
[917 D··FJ
·Mahant Biseshwar Dass v. Sashinath Jhan and Ors. A.l.R. 1943 Pat. 289 and
Bairam Chunnilal and Ors. v. Durga Lal Shivnarain. A.LR. 196?. Madhya Pradesh, 81; appro_yed.
Mst. Allah Rakhi and Ors. v. Shah Mohammad Abdur
Rahim and Ors.,
A.LR. 1934 PC 77, referred to
Dev Chavate and Anr. v. Ganesli Mahadeo Deshpande and Anr .• A. I. R.
1970 Bombay, 412, distinguished.
\ •
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-{
YESHWANTRAO v. BABURAO ( Untwalia, !.)
815
(2) The effect of Section 28 of the Limitation Act, 1908 is not only to bar
the remedy but also to extinguish the right.
[817 Bl
(3) In the instant case, the effect o~ Se~tion 28 of. the. Limitation Act was
that the right to the property was exttngu.1shed res~lhng 1n conferment of a
·title by adverse possession on the persons 1n possession ~f the co~cerned pro·
perties.
Uy such ad.verse po~session .those. who had coqie in. poss~ss1.on _of these
properties had acquired an 1ndefeas1ble title under the Indian L1m1tatlon Act,
1908 and the claim had become barred long before the year 1955, The lost
right to this property long before 1947 could not be s~ved and revived 1n the
year !955 or 1961 by Section 52A of the Bombay Publ:c Trust Act. [817 A, BJ
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 968 of 1968.
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment dated 21-7-1966 of the
Bombay High Court in Appeal No. 86of1966 m F.A. No. 102 of 1963.
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R. B, Datar and (Miss) Farhat Quadiri for the Appellant.
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A.G. Ratnaparkhi for Respondents l(a) to l(c), 5, 6(a) to 6(g).
Sharhad Manohar and Randhir Jain for Respondents Nos. 2-3.
K. L. Hathi and M. N. Shroff for Respondent No. 7.
The Judgment of the Conrt was delivered by
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UNTWALIA, J. This is a plaintiffs' appeal by special leave. The
Trial Court dismissed the suit and the Bombay High Court maintained
the dismissal in appeal by the plaintiffs.
The facts are a bit complicated. For the disposal of the . present
appeal, only a few of them need be stated in a narrow compass. One
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Ambabai, wife of Chintamanrao Ghatge purchased lands mentioned at
items lA to lE in the plaint on the 3rd of December, 1896 in the name
of the deity Shri Vitthal Rakhumai Dev. Lands at lF, 1 G and lH
were endowed by Ambabai to the deity by a deed of endowment executed in January or February 1905. Under this deed of endowment, one
Pandurang Babaji Pawar was appointed as the Vehivatdar (Manager)
and on·' Ba:a Appa Yadava was appointed as a servant of the deity. On
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the 1st of June, 1905, however, Ambabai executed a sale deed in respect
of all the suit properties except property 1E in favour of Pandurang and
Bala. On. the 23rd of June, 1907 Ambabai executed a second Wilt and
in that also she reiterated that Pandurang was being appointed
as
Vahivatdar and Bala a servant of the deity. Ambabai died on the 12th
of March, 1910. After her death Pandurang and Bala partitioned the
properties purchased by them by the sale deed dated 1-6-1905. PanduG
rang got property at 1 C and the rest went to Bala. Panduran!J died on
the 13th of February, 1911. Thereafter his widow Radhabai sold the
property at lC to one Chinto Deshpande. Chinto sold it to original
def~~ant no .. 2 .. Property ~t lE came in possession of the original
plamtiffs-plamt1ff no. 1 bemg Yeshwantrao Laxmanrao. He claimed
to be a Manager and hereditary trustee of the deity. Original plaintiff
no. 2 who died during the pendency of the suit anti on whose death his
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legal repr~entative was substituted claimed to be the hereditary Pujari
of the deity. Property at lE had come in possession of the plaintiffs
long time back and plaintiff no. 1 treated the said property as his own.
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There were several other transfers inter se between the defendants and
ultimately in one form or the other defendants 1 to 6 came to hold one
kind of interest or the other in the various suit properties. The plaintiffs
instituted the suit in the year 1961 with the permission of the Charity
Commissioner, Maharashtra defendant no. 7. The suit was instituted
under sections 50 and 51 of the Bombay Public Trusts Act, 1950-hereinafter called the Act, to recover possession of the suit properties from
defendants I to 6. Property at lE have been sold by plaintiff no. 1 on
the 17th of September, 1947 to original defendant nos. 2 and 3. The
sales made in the year 1905 as also in the year 194 7 were attacked as
being void and not binding on the deity. Although specifically the deity
was not imjlleaded as a plaintiff in the suit, as observed by the District
Judge, Sitara who tried the suit in the first instance, to all intents and
purposes the suit was by the deity and the two plaintiffs. Defendants
contested the suit on several grounds. ' Several issues were frameCI and
tried by the learned District Judge. He held that the properties in suit
were bequeathed by Ambabai to the deity. The sale deed dated 1-6-1905
was obtained by undue influence. It was without legal necessity and
was not for the benefit of the· Devasthan. It was, therefore', held to be
not binding on the Devasthan. The purchasers' possession oyer the land
sold was, therefore, held to be void and adverse. Same were the findings
of the Trial Court in respect of the property at IE. The suit was, however, dismissed on the ground that it was barred by limitation.
On appeal by the plaintiffs, only limited submissions were made by
them in the High Court. The finding of the Trial Court that the respective purchasers were in adverse possession of the properties at IA to lD
and lF to lH was not attacked. The finding of the Trial Court, however, in respect of property at IE was assailed but without success. The
High Court dismissed the appeal.
Mr. R. B. Datar, learned counsel for the appellants put in great
industry in arguing this appeal and took us to the various facts and facets
of the case. Havirtg appreciated them all, the points which ultimately
crystallized in argument are the following :-
(1) Section 52A was introduced in the Act by Bombay Act 23
of 1955 and in view of the said provision of law, there was
no limitation for recovery of the properties of a Public Trust
in accordance with the Act.
(2) A suit for .the recovery of the properties was not barred in
the year 1955 when section 52A came into force.
(3) That in any view of the matter, claim regarding IE of the
property was obviously not barred in the year 1955 and
could not be held to be so in suit instituted in the year 1961
after coming into force of section 52A.
Learned counsel for the respondents combated all the submissions made
on behalf of the appellants .
In our judgment, there is no snbstance in any of the points urged on
behalf of the appellant. The possession of the purchasers was ad\l•!rsc
in respect of all the properties at lA to lD and JF to lH from the very
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YESHWANTRAO v. BABURAO ( Untwalia, J.)
81T
beginning. By such adverse possession those who had come in possesA
sion of these properties had acquired an indefeasible title under the
Indian Limitation Act, 1908. It is not necessary to decide in this case
as to which of the articles in the first Schedule of the said Limitation
Act applied to this case. Whether it was Articles 134, 1341\., 134B, 142
or 144 the claim had become barred long, long before the year 1955.
The effect of section 28 of the Limitation Act was that right to the property was extinguished resulting in conferment of a title by adverse posB
session on the persons in possession of the concerned properties. It is
well-known that the effect of section 28 of the Limitation Act is not only
to bar the remedy but also to. extinguish the right. The right to the property itself was dead and gone. It could not be revived by a provision
like the one contained in section 52A of the Act.
Section 5 2A reads as follows :
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"Notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Limitation Act, 1908, no suit against an assignee for valuable consideration of any iminovable property of the Public trust which
has been registered or is deemed to have been registered under
this. Act for the purpose o.f following in his hands, such property or the proceeds thereof, or for an account of such proJ)J
perty or proceeds, shall be barred by any length of time."
It is a well established proposition of law that the law of limitation fixing ./
a period of limitation for the initiation of any suit or proceeding is a
procedural law and not a substantive one. Section 52A had, by no
stretch of imagination, the effect of reviving an extinguished and lost
claim and giving life to a dead horse. If the claim was not barred and
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the right to the property was not extinguished when Section 52A came
into force, then a suit instituted thereafter could not be defeated under
any of the Articles of the Limitation Act of 1908 or even of the new
Limitation Act of 1963. In express terms it over-rides the provisions
of the Limitation Act. includingJ the provision in section 28 of the Limitation Act, 1908. But then the over-riding effect of section 52A will
have its play and operation, only if, by the time it came into force, section 28 had not extinguished the right to the property in question. Otherwise not. In Mahant Biseshwar Dass v. Sashinath Jhan and others(!)
a Be{lch of the Patna High Court pointed out that where the right of the
plaintiff had become barred by limitation before the Amending Act of
1929 was passed the mere institution of the suit after 1929 cannot have
the efW:t of reviving that right. By the Amending Act of 1929 in section 10 of the Limitation Act it was provided that no suit instituted
against a person in whom property had become vested in trust for any
specific purpose or against his. legal representatives or assigns for the
purposes mentioned in the section would be barred by any length of time.
From the category of assigns, assigns for valuable consideration were
left out. The question before the Patna High Court in the case referred
to above was whether the amendment brought ;ibout in the year 1929
could revive a right which was extinguished, dead and gone prior to
1929. In that connection the answer given was in the negative. The
(1) A.LR. 1943, Patna, 289.
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SUPREME
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view so expressed in the Patna decision is perfectly sound and correct,
and no decision to the contrary was brought to our notice. Under section 52A of the Bombay Act even assignees for valuable consideration
have been roped in to save the suit from the bar of any period of limitation. But then on an application of the principle referred to about it is
plain that section 52A could not have the effect of reviving an extinguished right.
In Mt. Allah Rakhi and others v. Shah Mohammad Abdur Rahim
and others(!) Sir Lord Lancelot Sanderson delivering the jndgment on
behalf of the Board ruled that in regard to a suit brought on 29th January, 1926 "the question whether it was then barred by limitation must
depend upon the law of limitation which was applicable to the suit at
that time." The provisions of the Amendment Act of 1929 which had
come into force on the !st of January, 1929 were held to be inapplicable.
Of course, even in the light of the old section it was held that the suit
was not barred by limitation and the decree of the High Court was
affirmed.
Krishnan J. in the case of Bairam Chunnilal and others v.
Durgalal Shirnarain (') expressed a view identical to the one expressed
by the Patna High Court (vide end of paragraph 36 page 86 column
10.
Mr. Datar placed reliance upon the decision of the Bombay High
Court in Dev Chavata and another v. Ganesh Mahadeo Deshpande and
another(') in order to take advantage of section 52A of the Act.' The
ratio of the case has ot be appreciated In the background of the facts
found therein. The principles of law as enunciated cannot be fully and
squarely applied. But yet the decision, if we may say so with respect,
b correct. This would be on the ·footing that the decision given by the
Assistant Charity Commissioner under section 79 read with section 80
of the Act was conclusive and final.
He had exclusive jurisdiction to
decide the question as to whether the suit land belonged to the trust.
He had so decided it on November 5, 1954. The suit was filed on July
21, 1955. In that view, the High Court was right in holding that a suit
filed under section 50 of the Act was not barred under section 52A because the decision of the Assistant Charity Commissioner given
In
1954 had declared the property to be a trust property and which decision was final.
For the reasons stated above, it is clear that the appellants could
not take advantage of section 52A of the Act in respect of the properties at lA to lD and IF to l G. Argument put forward by Mr. Datar
to show that the claim was not barred in the year 1955 when section
52A came into force was absolutely devoid of any substance. It was
against the stand taken in the High Court and does not merit any detailed discussion in our judgment.
Coming to property at IE now, we must confess at the outset that
during the course of argument at one time, we thought that this property Mving been sold in the year 194 7 by plaintiff no. 1, the right to
(1) A.l.R. 1934 Privy Council,177
(2) A.l.R. 1968 Madhya Pradesh, 81.
(3) A.l.R. 1970 Bombay, 412.
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YESHWANTRAO v. BABURAO ( Untwalia, J.)
819
the property was not extinguished under section 28 of the Limitation
A
Act in the year 1955. Therefore, although the suit was instituted in
the year 1961, beyond 12 years of 1947, it would perhaps be saved
under section 52A from the bar of limitation. But on a closer scrutiny
and on appreciation of the argument of the other side in the light of the
finding recorded by the High Court, we did not feel persuaded to give
relief to the appellants even in regard to property at IE. The High
Court has found that plaintiff no. I had acquired title to property lE
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by adverse possession long before 194 7. He dealt with this property
as his own. Even when the trust was declared as a Public Trust by the
Charity Commissioner in or about the year 1954, the property at IE
was not shown as a trust property. The sale, therefore, in the year
1947 by plaintiff no. 1 conveyed a good title to the purchaser. The
lost right to this property long before 194 7 could not be saved and
revived in the year 1955 or 1961 by section 52A of the Act.
We,
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therefore, hold in agreement with the High Court that the suit was
barred by limitation in regard to this property also.
In the result, we dismiss this appeal, but in the circumstances make
no order as to costs.
S.R.
Appeal dismissed.